e t Performance and Emission Characteristics of Different Blends of Linseed Methyl Ester on Diesel Engine S.K. Mahla* and Arvind Birdi**

Transcription

1 e t International Journal on Eerging Technologies 3(1): 55-59(212) Perforance and Eission Characteristics of Different Blends of Linseed Methyl Ester on Engine S.K. Mahla* and Arvind Birdi** *Departent of Mechanical Engineering, GGS College of Modern Technology, Kharar, (Mohali), (PB), India **Incitec Pivot Ltd, Phosphate Hill, (QLD) Queensland, Australia (Recieved 25 March 212 Accepted 1 April 212) ABSTRACT : Biodiesel fuel can be ade fro new or used vegetable oils and anial fats, which are non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable resources. The vegetable oils were not acceptable in diesel engine because it poses probles such as injector choking, cylinder deposits, piston ring sticking and higher soke eissions. Biodiesel has becoe ore attractive recently because of its environental benefits. Methyl ester of linseed oil is derived through transesterification process. The biodiesel can be used in diesel engine without ajor hardware odifications. Experiental investigations have been carried out to exaine the properties, perforance and eission of different blends (B15, B2, and B3) of linseed oil ethyl ester in coparison to diesel. Results indicate that B2 is an optiu fuel blend in ters of better perforance and reduced eission than diesel fuel. However, B15 and B3 blend shows reasonable efficiencies, lower soke, CO and HC eission. Keywords: Biodiesel, Transesterification, Methyl Ester, Vegetable oil. ISSN No. (Print) : ISSN No. (Online) : I. INTRODUCTION Biodiesel [1] generally coprises of ono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived fro vegetable oil or anial fat (or ixture thereof). The designation of biodiesel blended with diesel indicates the percentage of it in the blend, e.g. B2 (2% biodiesel 98% diesel (v/v)) and B1 is pure biodiesel. Globally, the feedstock for biodiesel production in great supply is soyabean oil, pal oil and rapeseed oil. Biodiesel has a treendous potential in ters of energy contents and conversion efficiencies, even though the petroleu based fuels require ore energy to produce than what they contain. The life cycle analysis [2] concluded that biodiesel yields 3.2 units of fuel product energy for every unit of fossil fuel used to produce it; other projections go as high as 3.6 [3]. The ajor sources of energy in the world are oil, coal, natural gas, hyrdo energy etc. Oil is the ost popular and abundant source of energy worldwide. However so, the price of crude oil is very volatile and supply is driven by price. While developed industrialized countries consue around 43 illion barrels daily on an average, whereas developing countries only consue 23 illion barrels a day on average. Soething siilar goes for coal and natural gas as well. Renewable energy sources are gaining popularity. In Asia, 3.7% growth has been projected over the ten year period fro 2 to 21 [4]. As we are well aware of the depletion of fossil fuels, also the use of fossil fuels is degrading the environent in various ways. The pollution created by the increasing nuber of vehicles on the road, use of old technology also vents any pollutants in the atosphere. There have been reported cases of new diseases linked with pollution, and increasing use of fossil fuel is solely responsible for these causes. Knowing the present global energy scenario, it is alost desperately iportant and essential to coe up with an alternative solution. Alternative fuels are an option and the abundance of resources for producing biofuels can be successfully ipleented. Biofuels consuption leaves us with less pollution or no pollution and can be produced without using the already depleting resources of fossil fuels. Global bioenergy potentials estiated could provide adequate supplies to the entire population in the future [5]. There are affluent resources of biofuels in India seeing the country's strong agricultural aspect. For instance, biodiesel is beneficial in ters of enhanced biodegradation, lower levels of toxics and lower eission levels [6]. The deand of diesel in India is way higher than that of petrol. Biodiesel industry in India is still in its growing stages. Keeping in ind that the country's expected energy deand growth at the rate of 4.8% over the next two decades, the Governent of India has forulated an abitious National Biodiesel Mission to eet 2% of the country's diesel requireent by [7]. On the other hand, at present, the ain hurdle in the coercialization of biodiesel is the cost of its raw aterial. 6 9% of the biodiesel cost arises fro the cost of the feedstock oil [8, 9]. Biodiesel produced fro linseed oil is one exaple, it has been discussed in the following paragraphs. Linseed is an iportant oilseed and fibre crop grown for its seed as well as which is used to anufacture linen. Global output of linseed is estiated around 2.6 illion

2 56 Mahla and Birdi ton per year with Canada, China, U.S and India on the top of the list. Canada, the leading producer, accounts for 8% of the global trade in linseed. India is the third largest producer of linseed. In India, linseed is ainly cultivated as a rabi crop which is sown during October Noveber and harvested in February April. Linseed oil ercilessly extracted fro the linseed constitutes 35% on oil content in the seeds. Global production of linseed oil is estiated fro 6, to 7, ton [1]. Linseed is a cool season crop. Its cultivation is confined to low elevations, but it can be successfully grown up to 77 etres. Areas with the annual rainfall ranging fro c are best suited for its cultivation. The seed crop does well under oderate cold, but the fibre crop grows best in cool oist cliates [11]. Biodiesel is produced fro linseed oil through a process called transesterifcation [12], with this process the higher fatty acids are separated to ethyl and ethyl esters using ethanol and catalyst KOH. Biodiesel fuel has better properties than that of petroleu diesel fuel such as renewable, biodegradable, non toxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aroatics. The purpose of transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of the oil. The viscosity values of linseed oil ethyl and ethyl ester highly decreases after the transesterification process. The viscosity values of vegetable oils vary between 27.2 and /s, whereas those of vegetable oil ethyl esters between 3.59 and /s. The flash point values of vegetable oil ethyl esters are highly lower than those of vegetable oils. The transesterification of linseed oil in ethanol has proved to be the ost proising process. Methanol is the coonly used alcohol in this process, due to its low cost. Methyl esters of vegetable oils have several outstanding advantages aong other new renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives. The ost iportant variables affecting the ethyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are olar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil and reaction teperature. Biodiesel has becoe ore attractive recently because of its environental benefits. Biodiesel is an environentally friendly fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without odification or inor odifications. percent brake load conditions. The entire test was perfored at constant speed of 15 r.p.. (rated speed). The pilot liquid fuel is easured by a calibrated glass tube by easuring the tie required for the consuption of 5l of fuel. During the experients, engine speed, fuel consuption, air consuption rate and exhaust gas teperature were recorded. Exhaust gases were analyzed on line by an AVL DiGas analyzer, Model 4 in which UBHC, CO, O 2, CO 2, and NO X were easured and AVL ake Soke Meter, Model 437 was used to easure the soke opacity of exhaust gas. The engine was operated on diesel first and then on ethyl ester of linseed blends. The fuel blends tested are B15, B2 and B3 of linseed biodiesel. The different blends and ineral diesel were subjected to perforance and eission tests on the engine. The perforance data were then analyzed fro the graphs regarding brake theral efficiency, brake specific energy consuption and eission of all fuels. Fig. 1. Biodiesel reactor 2L capacity. II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The present study was carried out to investigate the perforance and eission characteristics of Linseed oil Methyl Ester and its blend in a stationary single cylinder diesel engine and to copare it with petrol diesel fuel. It is an air cooled, naturally aspirated constant speed copression ignition engine as per the IS: 1 [P: 5]:198 whose ajor specifications are shown in Table 2. The engine was coupled to a 5 kva electric generator through which load was applied by increasing the field voltage as shown in Fig. 1. The engine was tested at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 1 Fig. 2. Different biodiesel blends saple.

3 Mahla and Birdi 57 Table 1: Fuel Properties. Fuels Calorific Value (MJ/kg) Density B III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25 2 B2/D8 B3/D7 B B Brake Theral Eff. (%) Fig. 3. Brake theral efficiency Vs load. Fig. 3. Experiental Layout. Table 2: Instruentation for experiental setup. 1. Single cylinder 4 stroke DI diesel engine 2. Altrenator 3. AC Shunt/Lap load 4. Gas Analyzer 5. Sokeeter 6. Exhaust anifold 7. Intake anifold 8. Air dru 9. Control valve for actual fuel etering 1. Fuel tank for diesel and blends Table 3: Engine Specifications. Make Kirloskar (DAF 8) No. of cylinders Bore Stroke Cubic Capacity One lit Copression Ratio 17.5 : 1 Rated Output in kw/bhp 5.9 kw(8. bhp) at 15 rp. Injector Opening Pressure Lub Oil Sup Capacity Fuel Tank Capacity 2 bar 3.3 lit. 6.5 lit In Fig. 3. a slight drop in efficiency was found with B3 blend of linseed ethyl ester when copared to diesel. This drop in theral efficiency ust be attributed to low calorific value of ethyl ester. It was observed that the brake theral efficiency of B2 is better than petro diesel at all load tested. B15 blend had better theral efficiency than copared with diesel at light loads. So, B2 blend can be suggested as best blend for biodiesel preparation with linseed oil. A. Effect on brake specific energy consuption The brake specific energy consuption (BSEC) is a reliable paraeter in coparing the fuels of different calorific values. The BSEC decreases with increase in load for all fuel blends. B3 blend shows higher BSEC as copared to diesel at all loads except full load. This is ainly due to the slightly lower calorific value as it consued ore fuel. In Fig. 4 B2 blend shows a decrease in BSEC at all load as copared to diesel. BSEC (KJ/kW-h) B2/D8 B3/D7 Fig. 4. Brake specific energy consuption Vs load.

4 58 Mahla and Birdi B. Effect on carbon onoxide eission Fig. 5 represents the variation of CO eission Vs load. The rate of CO foration is a function of available aount of unburned gaseous fuel and ixture teperature, both of which control the rate of fuel decoposition and oxidation. Biodiesel blends give lower eission of CO as copared to diesel fuel. B3 blend give slightly higher eission than B15 and B2 blend. This is ainly due to poor atoization which leads to insufficient cobustion because of higher density of fuel B2/D8 B3/D7 changes in injection pressure and cobustion chaber design [13]. D. Effect on Soke opacity eission Fig. 7. represents the soke opacity variation with biodiesel blends. Soke opacity was calculated by opacity test for various blends of biodiesel and diesel. Biodiesel gives lower soke eission as copared to petroleu diesel. With increase in biodiesel percentage the soke opacity increases as shown in Fig. 6. Soke opacity increases with increase in load. B3 blend give higher soke eission than B15 and B2 blend at all load conditions. This could be due to higher density of fuel which results in slow ixing and insufficient cobustion which leads to higher soke eission..5 CO (% Vol.) B2/D8 B3/D Fig. 5. Co eission Vs load. Soke Opacity (HSU) C. Effect on hydrocarbon eission B2/D8 B3/D7 5 Fig. 7. Soke opacity eission Vs load. HC (pp) Fig. 6. Hydrocarbon eission Vs load. Fig. 6 represents the variation of HC eission with different loads. The HC eission increases with increasing load. The B15 and B2 blend of linseed ethyl ester give lower eission of hydrocarbon as copared to diesel. B3 blend give slightly higher HC eission ainly due to higher density of fuel which leads to slow cobustion. It requires V. CONCLUSION Following are the conclusions based on the experiental results obtained while operating single cylinder diesel engine fueled with linseed oil ethyl ester blends in different proportion with diesel fuel. The lower blends of linseed oil ethyl ester can be used in diesel engine without any engine odifications. The fuel filter needs to be changed after soe interval of tie. Brake theral efficiency of B2 is superior to diesel at all load conditions. B2 gave best results so it could be considered as an optiu fuel blend in ters of perforance and reduced eission. Soke, HC and CO eission for diesel at different loads was found to be higher as copared to biodiesel blends of B15, B2 and B3. With the properties of linseed biodiesel close to diesel fuel it can provide a useful substitute fuel for diesel engine.

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