2014 California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Results Riverside County Office of Education September 19, 2014

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1 California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Results Riverside County Office of Education September 19,

2 California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Summary of Riverside County Test Results First-Time Test Takers (Grade Ten) Background State law authorized the development of the California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE), which students in California public schools would have to pass to earn a high school diploma. The CAHSEE is designed to ensure that all high school graduates have achieved a solid foundation of knowledge and skills in English-language arts and mathematic, based on state-adopted content standards. Current law specifies that all public high school students must take the CAHSEE for the first time in grade ten. Students who do not pass the CAHSEE in grade ten will have two opportunities in grade eleven and three opportunities in grade twelve to pass the exam. Beginning in the 10 school year, California Education Code Section provides an exemption from meeting the CAHSEE requirement as a condition of receiving a diploma of graduation for eligible students with disabilities who have an individualized education program (IEP) or a Section 504 plan. The IEP or Section 504 plans must state that the student is scheduled to receive a high school diploma, and has satisfied or will satisfy all other state and local requirements for high school graduation, on or after July 1,. The exemption from meeting the CAHSEE requirement ends June 30, 2015, unless the State Board of Education extends the implementation of the alternative means assessment one additional year. Summary of CAHSEE Results A summary of Riverside County student performance on the CAHSEE is provided below. In the - school year, more than 32,300 grade ten students in Riverside County took the CAHSEE (English-language arts and mathematics). Eighty-three percent (83%) of grade ten students passed the Englishlanguage arts (ELA) portion of the CAHSEE and 85 percent passed the mathematics portion. (See Page 1.) i

3 Since, the number of grade ten students passed the CAHSEE has increased by 8,129 students in ELA and 9,124 students in mathematics. (See Page 2.) For the ELA portion of the CAHSEE the passing rate has increased 9 percentage points, from 74% in to 83% in. ELA passing rates for grade ten students in for all the major reporting subgroups have shown improvement as compared to grade ten students in. (See Page 3.) For the ELA portion of the CAHSEE, the gap between Hispanic or Latino and white students has narrowed by 12 percentage points from the Class of to the Class of For the ELA portion of the CAHSEE, the gap between African American and white students has narrowed by 4 percentage points from the Class of to the Class of (See Page 3.) Passing rates for English Learners has decreased by 6 percentage points from 45% in (Class of ), 42% in (Class of ), 40% in (Class of 2015), to 39% in (Class of 2016). (See Page 3.) For the mathematics portion of the CAHSEE the passing rate has increased 13 percentage points, from 72% in to 85% in. passing rates for grade ten students in for all the major reporting subgroups have also shown improvement as compared to grade ten students in. (See Page 4.) For the mathematics portion of the CAHSEE, the gap between Hispanic or Latino and white students has narrowed by 12 percentage points from the Class of to the Class of For the mathematic portion of the CAHSEE, the gap between African American and white students has narrowed by 8 percentage points from the Class of to the Class of (See Page 4.) Subgroup Comparison Female students passed the ELA part of the CAHSEE at a much higher rate than male students: females at 87 percent vs. males at 80 percent. (See Page 5.) On both parts of the CAHSEE, the passing rates of White students were significantly higher than the passing rates of African American and Hispanic students. (See Page 5.) ii

4 On both parts of the CAHSEE, the passing rates of economically disadvantaged students, English learners, and special education students were lower than the county average passing rates. (See Page 5.) Non-economically disadvantaged students (92% in ELA and 92% in mathematics) performed significantly higher than economically disadvantaged students (77% in ELA and 80% in mathematics) in both ELA and mathematics. (See Page 5.) English learners performed much better in (53%) than in English-language arts (39%). (See Page 5.) County and State Comparison The CAHSEE ELA passing rate for Riverside County is the same as the state average: 83% vs. 83%. (See Page 6.) The CAHSEE passing rate for Riverside County is the same as the state average: 85% vs. 85%. (See Page 7.) The Riverside County CAHSEE passing rates for African American and Hispanic subgroups are higher than the state averages for those subgroups in both ELA and mathematics. (See Pages 6-7.) Riverside County Rankings The - Riverside County CAHSEE results are summarized on pages 8-9. The CAHSEE ELA passing rate for Riverside County is 83%, the 5 th highest passing rate of any California county with 10,000 or more high school graduates. The CAHSEE passing rate for Riverside County is 85%, the 5 th highest passing rate of any California county with 10,000 or more high school graduates. (See Page 10.) From to, the CAHSEE ELA passing rate for Riverside County has increased by 9 percentage points, the 5 th largest increase of any California county with 10,000 or more high school graduates. From to, the CAHSEE passing rate for Riverside County has increased by 13 percentage points, the 4 th largest increase of any California county with 10,000 or more high school graduates. (See Page 10.) Riverside County Districts Summary The - Riverside County CAHSEE district results are listed on pages iii

5 Based on the CAHSEE results, the top 5 high performing districts in Riverside County are: #1 Murrieta Valley Unified, #2 Temecula Valley Unified, #3 Corona-Norco Unified, #4 Beaumont Unified, #4 Desert Sands Unified, and #4 Riverside Unified. (See Pages ) Top 5 districts with the largest - CAHSEE passing rate increase are: #1 Coachella Valley Unified, #2 Banning Unified, #3 Beaumont Unified, #4 Alvord Unified, and #5 Moreno Valley Unified. (See Pages ) Riverside County High Schools Summary The - Riverside County CAHSEE school results are listed on pages Based on the CAHSEE results, the top 5 high performing comprehensive high schools in Riverside County are: #1 La Quinta High (Desert Sands Unified), #1 Great Oak High (Temecula Valley Unified), #3 Murrieta Valley High (Murrieta Valley Unified), #4 Vista Murrieta High (Murrieta Valley Unified), and #4 Martin Luther King High (Riverside Unified). (See Pages ) Top 5 comprehensive high schools with the largest - CAHSEE passing rate increase are: #1 Coachella Valley High (Coachella Valley Unified), #2 Banning High (Banning Unified), #3 Moreno Valley High (Moreno Valley Unified), #4 Norte Vista High (Alvord Unified), #4 Cathedral City High (Palm Springs Unified). (See Pages ) iv

6 - California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Percent of Grade 10 Students Passed CAHSEE Riverside County 90 Percent of Students Passed CAHSEE Page 1 of 16

7 - California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) of Grade 10 Students Passed CAHSEE Riverside County 28,000 of Students Passed CAHSEE 26,000 24,000 22,000 20,000 18,000 16,000 18,729 20,606 22,926 23,342 24,631 25,260 26,372 27,173 26,715 26,557 26,858 18,284 19,640 22,064 22,961 24,147 25,298 26,351 27,174 26,968 26,885 27,408 Page 2 of 16

8 - California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Riverside County Subgroups Comparison: Percent of Grade 10 Students Passed CAHSEE 100 Percent of Students Passed CAHSEE All Students African American Hispanic White Economically Disadvantaged English Learners Special Education Page 3 of 16

9 - California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Riverside County Subgroups Comparison: Percent of Grade 10 Students Passed CAHSEE 100 Percent of Students Passed CAHSEE All Students African American Hispanic White Economically Disadvantaged English Learners Special Education Page 4 of 16

10 California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Riverside County Subgroups Comparison Percent of Grade 10 Students Passed CAHSEE of Students Passed CAHSEE All Students Female Male African American Hispanic White Economically Disadvantaged Non- Economically Disadvantaged English Learners Special Education Page 5 of 16

11 California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Percent of Grade 10 Students Passed CAHSEE in State and Riverside County Comparison Percent of Students Passed CAHSEE All Students Female Male African American Hispanic White Economically Disadvantaged Non- Economically Disadvantaged English Learners State Riverside County Special Education Page 6 of 16

12 California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Percent of Grade 10 Students Passed CAHSEE in State and Riverside County Comparison Percent of Students Passed CAHSEE All Students Female Male African American Hispanic White Economically Disadvantaged Non- Economically Disadvantaged English Learners Special Education State Riverside County Page 7 of 16

13 - California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Results Grade 10 Riverside County Subgroups Comparison Subgroup Percent All Students 25,415 27,625 30,528 31,239 31,787 32,288 33,010 33,058 32,505 32,221 32,365 74% 75% 75% 75% 77% 78% 80% 82% 82% 82% 83% 1% 9% 51% 57% 53% 55% 54% Gender Race/Ethnicity Male 12,719 14,052 15,674 15,837 16,228 16,434 16,789 16,852 16,449 16,541 16,474 69% 69% 70% 70% 73% 74% 76% 79% 78% 78% 80% 2% 11% 45% 52% 47% 49% 49% Female 12,677 13,557 14,840 15,385 15,454 15,849 16,214 16,194 16,041 15,670 15,879 78% 80% 81% 80% 82% 82% 84% 86% 86% 87% 87% 0% 9% 57% 62% 59% 60% 59% Unknown % 25% 50% 35% 57% n/a n/a 83% 60%. 67% n/a 10% n/a n/a 33%. 33% American Indian or Alaska Native % 75% 79% 74% 75% 76% 79% 83% 79% 81% 77% -4% 7% 48% 57% 49% 61% 50% Asian , % 87% 86% 89% 89% 88% 90% 91% 91% 91% 92% 1% 6% 70% 74% 74% 75% 76% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander % 77% 78% 82% 83% 79% 84% 89% 89% 89% 85% -4% 8% 49% 61% 57% 62% 53% Filipino % 90% 90% 90% 93% 92% 93% 94% 93% 93% 95% 2% 5% 73% 79% 75% 76% 76% Hispanic or Latino 11,450 12,882 15,153 15,787 16,895 17,389 18,422 18,905 18,595 18,983 19,199 62% 65% 66% 66% 70% 71% 74% 78% 78% 79% 79% 0% 17% 42% 49% 45% 47% 46% African American 2,026 2,383 2,651 2,688 2,616 2,818 2,545 2,675 2,433 2,475 2,370 68% 69% 68% 68% 73% 74% 76% 78% 75% 77% 77% 0% 9% 43% 48% 44% 45% 45% White 10,145 10,506 10,657 10,568 9,977 9,675 9,280 8,897 8,942 8,171 8,152 86% 87% 88% 87% 89% 90% 90% 90% 91% 91% 91% 0% 5% 67% 72% 68% 70% 70% Two or More Races n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 75% 87% 87% 87% 88% 1% n/a 60% 67% 63% 63% 64% Language Fluency English Only Students 17,914 18,905 20,106 19,868 19,473 19,727 20,270 19,912 19,367 19,300 19,521 81% 81% 82% 82% 83% 84% 85% 86% 86% 86% 87% 1% 6% 58% 64% 60% 61% 60% Initially Fluent English 1,729 1,929 2,041 2,292 2,376 2,471 2,370 2,468 1,937 1,703 1,923 75% 77% 81% 83% 87% 87% 88% 91% 91% 92% 93% 1% 18% 60% 69% 64% 67% 68% Redesignated Fluent English 1,785 2,389 3,324 4,158 4,849 5,193 5,714 6,121 7,015 7,296 7,187 88% 89% 88% 86% 90% 90% 91% 93% 93% 93% 92% -1% 4% 57% 62% 58% 60% 57% English Learner Students 3,912 4,367 5,018 4,806 5,003 4,861 4,580 4,388 4,119 3,800 3,589 35% 38% 37% 33% 39% 38% 41% 45% 42% 40% 39% -1% 4% 8% 11% 7% 7% 6% Unknown % 49% 15% 68% 59% 72% 45% 72% 72% 70% 61% -9% -8% 46% 38% 40% 43% 29% Economic Status Non-Economically 12,395 13,134 14,480 14,719 13,946 13,977 13,389 12,678 12,265 11,709 12,344 86% 86% 86% 86% 88% 89% 90% 92% 91% 92% 92% 0% 6% 66% 73% 69% 71% 70% Disadvantaged Students Economically Disadvantaged 10,266 11,749 13,696 14,109 15,607 16,478 18,193 19,362 19,320 19,813 19,152 60% 62% 64% 63% 68% 69% 73% 76% 77% 77% 77% 0% 17% 40% 47% 43% 45% 44% Students Unknown 2,756 2,742 2,352 2,411 2,234 1,833 1,428 1, % 73% 74% 73% 79% 79% 78% 76% 78% 78% 81% 3% 11% 50% 52% 48% 54% 52% Special Education Program Participation Students Receiving Services 2,489 2,736 2,739 2,708 2,657 2,533 2,617 2,741 2,858 2,918 2,897 26% 29% 29% 28% 32% 32% 33% 35% 33% 35% 37% 2% 11% 10% 12% 9% 10% 10% Migrant Education Program Participation Students Receiving Services n/a n/a n/a n/a 46% 41% 47% 60% 64% 68% 69% 69% 67% -2% n/a 27% 38% 31% 38% 31% Page 8 of 16

14 - California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Results Grade 10 Riverside County Subgroups Comparison Subgroup Percent All Students 25,248 27,491 30,537 31,221 31,772 32,194 32,915 32,993 32,452 32,191 32,293 72% 71% 72% 74% 76% 79% 80% 82% 83% 84% 85% 1% 13% 51% 53% 55% 57% 59% Gender Race/Ethnicity Male 12,617 14,001 15,678 15,810 16,180 16,389 16,738 16,808 16,420 16,527 16,407 71% 70% 72% 73% 75% 78% 79% 81% 82% 82% 84% 2% 13% 51% 55% 56% 58% 60% Female 12,607 13,474 14,846 15,394 15,577 15,799 16,168 16,168 16,017 15,655 15,871 74% 73% 73% 74% 77% 79% 81% 83% 84% 85% 86% 1% 12% 50% 52% 55% 57% 59% Unknown % 25% 15% 18% 40% n/a n/a 59% 60%. 53% n/a -5% n/a n/a 13%. 33% American Indian or Alaska Native % 69% 76% 69% 72% 71% 77% 78% 83% 80% 78% -2% 12% 50% 52% 48% 56% 49% Asian , % 89% 91% 93% 93% 93% 94% 95% 96% 96% 97% 1% 8% 82% 81% 84% 84% 86% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander % 72% 77% 77% 77% 82% 89% 87% 90% 90% 86% -4% 14% 58% 62% 61% 59% 63% Filipino % 87% 89% 89% 91% 93% 94% 94% 96% 95% 95% 0% 7% 77% 79% 79% 80% 81% Hispanic or Latino 11,351 12,783 15,152 15,778 16,890 17,337 18,387 18,880 18,570 18,948 19,179 62% 62% 64% 66% 69% 73% 75% 79% 80% 81% 82% 1% 20% 42% 46% 49% 51% 53% African American 2,015 2,370 2,645 2,668 2,612 2,817 2,529 2,662 2,422 2,476 2,357 62% 59% 61% 63% 68% 70% 72% 76% 73% 74% 78% 4% 16% 38% 42% 42% 43% 46% White 10,073 10,482 10,669 10,555 9,961 9,644 9,228 8,866 8,921 8,176 8,107 84% 83% 84% 85% 87% 89% 89% 90% 90% 90% 92% 2% 8% 65% 66% 68% 70% 72% Two or More Races n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 73% 84% 85% 86% 88% 2% n/a 52% 58% 62% 65% 67% Language Fluency English Only Students 17,800 18,822 20,124 19,821 19,458 19,658 20,195 19,847 19,327 19,296 19,467 78% 76% 77% 79% 81% 82% 83% 84% 85% 86% 87% 1% 9% 56% 58% 59% 61% 63% Initially Fluent English 1,713 1,922 2,043 2,274 2,378 2,466 2,368 2,468 1,941 1,707 1,926 71% 73% 77% 81% 84% 86% 87% 90% 90% 91% 93% 2% 22% 59% 63% 64% 69% 72% Redesignated Fluent English 1,781 2,389 3,319 4,180 4,854 5,199 5,715 6,131 7,013 7,291 7,187 86% 83% 84% 83% 87% 89% 90% 92% 93% 93% 94% 1% 8% 59% 61% 65% 66% 67% English Learner Students 3,880 4,332 5,014 4,827 4,991 4,836 4,565 4,372 4,101 3,766 3,572 43% 43% 43% 41% 44% 50% 51% 56% 55% 51% 53% 2% 10% 16% 19% 17% 17% 19% Unknown % 23% 22% 64% 57% 63% 58% 74% 67% 69% 62% -7% -2% 32% 29% 40% 44% 35% Economic Status Non-Economically 12,374 13,117 14,468 14,712 13,935 13,942 13,357 12,638 12,223 11,681 12,304 83% 83% 82% 84% 86% 87% 89% 90% 90% 91% 92% 1% 9% 64% 67% 68% 71% 72% Disadvantaged Students Economically Disadvantaged 10,172 11,660 13,720 14,106 15,590 16,437 18,116 19,337 19,310 19,812 19,128 61% 59% 62% 63% 67% 72% 74% 78% 79% 79% 80% 1% 19% 41% 45% 48% 49% 51% Students Unknown 2,704 2,714 2,349 2,403 2,247 1,815 1,442 1, % 70% 70% 70% 76% 77% 78% 76% 78% 79% 80% 1% 12% 48% 47% 47% 53% 55% Special Education Program Participation Students Receiving Services 2,346 2,661 2,699 2,687 2,579 2,463 2,483 2,683 2,819 2,900 2,812 26% 27% 28% 29% 33% 34% 35% 36% 37% 39% 41% 2% 15% 11% 11% 12% 13% 14% Migrant Education Program Participation Students Receiving Services n/a n/a n/a n/a 55% 52% 58% 73% 72% 76% 80% 81% 78% -3% n/a 34% 48% 48% 60% 48% Page 9 of 16

15 - California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Results 11 Largest Counties in California Grade 10 Students County Alameda 15, , Contra Costa 12, , Fresno 14, , Kern 12, , Los Angeles 116, , Orange 38, , Riverside 32, , Sacramento 16, , San Bernardino 31, , San Diego 37, , Santa Clara 19, , State of CA 460, , Page 10 of 16

16 - California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Results List of Districts in Riverside County Grade 10 Students District Alvord Unified 1, , Banning Unified Beaumont Unified California School for the Coachella Valley Unified 1, , Corona-Norco Unified 4, , Desert Sands Unified 2, , Hemet Unified 1, , Jurupa Unified 1, , Lake Elsinore Unified 1, , Moreno Valley Unified 2, , Murrieta Valley Unified 2, , Palm Springs Unified 1, , Palo Verde Unified Perris Union High 2, , Riverside County Office of Edu Riverside Unified 3, , San Jacinto Unified Temecula Valley Unified 2, , Val Verde Unified 1, , Page 11 of 16

17 California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Percent of Grade 10 Students Passed CAHSEE Top 5 Districts 100 Percent of Students Passed CAHSEE State Riverside County Beaumont Unified Desert Sands Unified Riverside Unified Corona- Norco Unified Temecula Valley Unified Murrieta Valley Unified Page 12 of 16

18 - California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Results List of High Schools in Riverside County Grade 10 Students District School Alvord Unified Alvord Alt. Cont. H Alvord Unified Alvord Continuation Alvord Unified Hillcrest High Alvord Unified La Sierra High Alvord Unified Norte Vista High Banning Unified Banning High Banning Unified Banning Independent Banning Unified Home/hospital and i Banning Unified New Horizon High Beaumont Unified Beaumont Senior Hig Beaumont Unified District Students i Beaumont Unified Glen View High California School for the California School f Coachella Valley Unified Coachella Valley Hi Coachella Valley Unified Desert Mirage High Coachella Valley Unified La Familia Continua Coachella Valley Unified West Shores High Corona-Norco Unified Centennial High Corona-Norco Unified Corona High Corona-Norco Unified Corona-Norco Altern Corona-Norco Unified District Students i Corona-Norco Unified Eleanor Roosevelt H Corona-Norco Unified Home/hospital and i Corona-Norco Unified John F. Kennedy Hig Corona-Norco Unified Norco High Corona-Norco Unified Orange Grove High Corona-Norco Unified Santiago High Desert Sands Unified Amistad High, Cont Desert Sands Unified Desert Sands Adult Desert Sands Unified Horizon Desert Sands Unified Indio High Desert Sands Unified La Quinta High Page 13 of 16

19 - California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Results List of High Schools in Riverside County Grade 10 Students District School Desert Sands Unified Palm Desert High Desert Sands Unified Shadow Hills High Desert Sands Unified Summit High (Contin Hemet Unified College Prep High Hemet Unified District Students i Hemet Unified Hamilton High Hemet Unified Helen Hunt Jackson Hemet Unified Hemet High Hemet Unified Tahquitz High Hemet Unified West Valley High Jurupa Unified District Students i Jurupa Unified Jurupa Valley High Jurupa Unified Nueva Vista Continu Jurupa Unified Patriot High Jurupa Unified Rivercrest Preparat Jurupa Unified Rubidoux High Jurupa Unified Steps Community Day Lake Elsinore Unified Elsinore High Lake Elsinore Unified Keith McCarthy Acad Lake Elsinore Unified Lakeside High Lake Elsinore Unified Ortega High Lake Elsinore Unified Southern California Lake Elsinore Unified Temescal Canyon Hig Mercury On-Line Academy of Mosaica Online Acad Moreno Valley Unified Alessandro Moreno Valley Unified Bayside Community D Moreno Valley Unified Canyon Springs High Moreno Valley Unified District Students i Moreno Valley Unified March Mountain High Moreno Valley Unified March Valley Moreno Valley Unified Moreno Valley Commu Moreno Valley Unified Moreno Valley High Page 14 of 16

20 - California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Results List of High Schools in Riverside County Grade 10 Students District School Moreno Valley Unified Moreno Valley Onlin Moreno Valley Unified Valley View High Moreno Valley Unified Vista del Lago High Murrieta Valley Unified Creekside High Murrieta Valley Unified District Students i Murrieta Valley Unified Murrieta Mesa High Murrieta Valley Unified Murrieta Valley Hig Murrieta Valley Unified Tenaja Canyon Acade Murrieta Valley Unified Vista Murrieta High NOVA Academy -Coachella NOVA Academy - Coac Nuview Bridge Nuview Bridge Colle Palm Springs Unified Cathedral City High Palm Springs Unified Desert Hot Springs Palm Springs Unified Mt. San Jacinto Hig Palm Springs Unified Palm Springs High Palm Springs Unified Ramon Alternative C Palm Springs Unified Rancho Mirage High Palo Verde Unified Palo Verde High Palo Verde Unified Twin Palms Continua Perris Union High California Military Perris Union High District Students i Perris Union High Heritage High Perris Union High Paloma Valley High Perris Union High Perris Perris Union High The Academy Comm Da River Springs Charter River Springs Chart Riverside Co Educ Academy Riverside Co. Educ Riverside County Office of Riverside Co. Oppor Riverside County Office of Riverside County Riverside County Office of Riverside County Ju Riverside County Office of Riverside County Sp Riverside Unified Arlington High Page 15 of 16

21 - California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) Results List of High Schools in Riverside County Grade 10 Students District School Riverside Unified District Students i Riverside Unified Lincoln (Abraham) C Riverside Unified Martin Luther King Riverside Unified North (John W.) Hig Riverside Unified Opportunity Program Riverside Unified Polytechnic High Riverside Unified Raincross High, Con Riverside Unified Ramona High Riverside Unified Riverside Virtual Riverside Unified Summit View Ind. St San Jacinto Unified District Students i San Jacinto Unified Mountain View High, San Jacinto Unified Mt. Heights Academy San Jacinto Unified San Jacinto High San Jacinto Valley Academy San Jacinto Valley Santa Rosa Academy Santa Rosa Academy Temecula Preparatory Temecula Preparator Temecula Valley Unified Chaparral High Temecula Valley Unified District Students i Temecula Valley Unified Great Oak High Temecula Valley Unified Rancho Vista High Temecula Valley Unified Susan H. Nelson Temecula Valley Unified Temecula Valley Hig Val Verde Unified Citrus Hill High Val Verde Unified District Students i Val Verde Unified Rancho Verde High Val Verde Unified Val Verde Academy Val Verde Unified Val Verde High Val Verde Unified Val Verde Student S Page 16 of 16