UK - Commonwealth trade statistics

Transcription

1 UK - Commonwealth trade statistics Standard Note: SNEP 6497 Last updated: 6 December 2012 Author: Grahame Allen Section Economic Policy and Statistics Section This short note looks at UK - Commonwealth trade statistics. It has been prepared for a Westminster Hall Private Members Debate on Commonwealth Trade on Wednesday 12 December Contents 1 UK trade with Commonwealth Introduction 2 2 Trade in goods UK sector (goods) trade with the Commonwealth Changing markets for UK goods 4 3 Trade in goods and services 5 4 Further information: 6 Appendix 1: List of current Commonwealth countries 7 Appendix 2: Tables 8 This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for it. A suitably qualified professional should be consulted if specific advice or information is required. This information is provided subject to our general terms and conditions which are available online or may be provided on request in hard copy. Authors are available to discuss the content of this briefing with Members and their staff, but not with the general public.

2 1 UK trade with Commonwealth 1.1 Introduction Comparative time series data on the trade in goods and services between the UK and the Commonwealth are not available at an aggregate level. The size and membership of the Commonwealth has changed over time and the UK s trade with some Commonwealth countries can be small so data can be suppressed to protect sensitive business. This note provides a summary of the information on the UK s trade in goods with the Commonwealth countries that is available and provides estimates of the trade in goods and services. A list of the current (54) Commonwealth countries is given in Appendix 1 to this note. 1 2 Trade in goods Table 1 in Appendix 2 shows the UK s trade in goods with Commonwealth in value terms and as a percentage of the UK s total trade in goods since % UK trade in goods with the Commonwealth as a % of UK total trade in goods 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% % of total UK imports of goods 15% % of total UK of goods 10% 5% 0% The chart above shows the UK s trade in goods with the Commonwealth as a percentage of the UK s total trade in goods from Over the period, the Commonwealth has become a relatively less important goods trading partner for the UK. Up until the UK joined the EEC (EU) in 1973, the UK usually had an annual trade in goods deficit with the Commonwealth. Following joining the EU, the UK began to have a trade in goods surplus with the Commonwealth as the proportion of goods imports accounted for by the Commonwealth fell at a faster rate than the proportion of goods to the Commonwealth. However, since 1987, the proportion of goods imports accounted for by the Commonwealth has been rising and since 1996 the UK has, once again, had an annual trade in goods deficit with the Commonwealth. 1 2 Includes Fiji which was suspended from membership of the Commonwealth on 1 September 2009 Source: IMF, DOTS via ESDS 19 October 2012

3 The appended tables 1a and 1b show the value of goods imports and respectively from Tables 1c and 1d below show the UK s main trading partners within the Commonwealth: Table 1c UK trade in goods with the Commonwealth, Imports % of estimated total trade with the Commonwealth Canada 19% 19% 18% 18% 17% 18% 21% 21% 20% 23% 27% India 10% 10% 10% 10% 11% 10% 13% 13% 13% 13% 12% South Africa 15% 15% 14% 14% 15% 16% 17% 21% 23% 17% 12% Australia 9% 9% 9% 8% 9% 11% 11% 13% 11% 12% 11% Malaysia 10% 9% 9% 9% 7% 7% 6% 5% 5% 9% 7% Singapore 11% 11% 13% 15% 15% 12% 12% 9% 8% 7% 6% Botswana 5% 5% 5% 5% 6% 4% 2% 1% 1% 2% 6% Nigeria 0% 1% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 5% Bangladesh 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% New Zealand 3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Pakistan 2% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Table 1d UK trade in goods with the Commonwealth, Exports % of estimated total trade with the Commonwealth India 12% 13% 15% 14% 17% 14% 15% 17% 14% 17% 19% Canada 22% 22% 21% 21% 17% 19% 16% 14% 18% 19% 17% South Africa 11% 12% 11% 12% 12% 12% 11% 13% 11% 12% 13% Australia 16% 15% 15% 15% 16% 15% 18% 18% 15% 13% 13% Singapore 11% 10% 10% 11% 12% 12% 13% 12% 14% 13% 12% Nigeria 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 6% 6% 6% 6% 5% Malaysia 7% 6% 7% 6% 5% 4% 5% 5% 5% 5% 4% Cyprus 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 6% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% Malta 1% 2% 2% 2% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% New Zealand 2% 2% 2% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Pakistan 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Ghana 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 2% Source: Based on IMF, DOTS via ESDS The tables show that India, Canada, South Africa and Australia are the four main Commonwealth trading partners for the UK, in terms of the trade in goods, between them accounting for 62% and 63% of the UK s imports and of goods respectively from the Commonwealth in UK sector (goods) trade with the Commonwealth Estimates of the UK s trade in goods by sector are available from HMRC s uktradeinfo.com from Not all data is identifiable as some data is suppressed: 3 HMRC aim to publish as much of the collected, detailed trade data as possible. However, we are obliged to protect sensitive business and national interests through preventing disclosure where there is a clear requirement to do so. Consequently some sensitive information is suppressed in OTS publications, predominantly at the request of businesses with the majority of trade. Data is available at an 8-digit commodity code level but it is not yet possible for us to download the entire 8-digit data set from uktradeinfo.com for a single country - only at a 4-digit level. 3 uktradeinfo.com 3

4 The appended tables 3a and 3b show the largest trade sectors (4-digit level) by value, of goods between the UK and the Commonwealth in The largest sector of UK goods, by value, to the Commonwealth in 2001 was Parts of aircraft and spacecraft etc ( 779 million or 5.5% of all UK of goods to the Commonwealth countries in 2001). The largest sector of imports by value from the Commonwealth countries was Electronic integrated circuits; parts thereof ( 871 million or 4.5% of all UK goods imports from the Commonwealth countries). 4 The appended tables 3c and 3d show the largest trade sectors (4-digit level) by estimated value, of goods between the UK and the Commonwealth in By 2011, the largest sector of UK goods and imports, by value, to and from the Commonwealth was Turbojets, turbopropellers and other gas turbines ( 2.6 billion or 9.1% of all UK of goods to the Commonwealth countries and 1.5 billion or 4.2% of all UK goods imports from the Commonwealth countries in 2001) Changing markets for UK goods The changing geographical pattern of UK goods since 1960 is shown in table 4 below (the appended table 5 shows the UK s main import partners over the same period): Table 4 Exports, 1960 Exports, 1970 Exports, United States 1,059 10% 1 United States 2,265 12% 1 Germany 11,797 11% 2 Australia 735 7% 2 Germany 1,207 6% 2 United States 10,593 10% 3 Canada 616 6% 3 Ireland 915 5% 3 Netherlands 8,937 8% 4 Germany 508 5% 4 Netherlands 907 5% 4 France 8,342 8% 5 South Africa 463 4% 5 Sweden 874 5% 5 Ireland 6,182 6% 6 India 429 4% 6 Australia 831 4% 6 Belgium-Luxembourg 6,098 6% 7 Sweden 376 4% 7 France 814 4% 7 Italy 4,414 4% 8 Netherlands 353 3% 8 South Africa 804 4% 8Sweden 3,773 3% 9 New Zealand 340 3% 9 Belgium-Luxembourg 706 4% 9 Switzerland 2,906 3% 10 Ireland 333 3% 10 Canada 692 4% 10 Nigeria 2,799 3% World 10,341 World 19,350 World 110,078 Exports, 1990 Exports, 2000 Exports, Germany 23,582 13% 1 United States 44,751 16% 1 Germany 50,542 11% 2 United States 23,280 13% 2 Germany 33,720 12% 2 United States 45,890 10% 3 France 19,451 11% 3 France 27,545 10% 3 Netherlands 36,605 8% 4 Netherlands 13,403 7% 4 Netherlands 22,221 8% 4 France 34,140 7% 5 Belgium-Luxembourg 10,066 5% 5 Ireland 19,096 7% 5 Switzerland 32,789 7% 6 Italy 10,035 5% 6 Belgium 14,873 5% 6 Ireland 27,791 6% 7 Ireland 9,554 5% 7 Italy 12,758 5% 7 Belgium 24,827 5% 8 Spain 6,876 4% 8 Spain 12,285 4% 8 Italy 15,570 3% 9 Sweden 4,789 3% 9 Sweden 6,267 2% 9 Spain 15,138 3% 10 Japan 4,709 3% 10 Japan 5,552 2% 10 Sweden 9,738 2% World 185,154 World 282,873 World 463,879 Source: IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics, via ESDS Over the period, the US and Germany have remained the UK s main export market for goods. However, the tables also show how the UK s main export markets have shifted away from the Commonwealth countries to the EU Member States. In 1960, Australia, Canada, 4 5 uktradeinfo.com uktradeinfo.com 4

5 South Africa, India and New Zealand were all top ten markets for UK goods, accounting for one quarter of all UK of goods. By 1980, not one of these countries was a top ten export market and in 2011, India (the highest ranked Commonwealth country and ranked 13 th ) accounted for less than 2% of UK goods. Eight of the top ten goods export markets for the UK in 2011 were members of the EU. The EU as a single market accounted for 53% of all UK goods. 3 Trade in goods and services Although it is difficult to estimate the trade in services between the Commonwealth countries, if we assume that the UK s four main Commonwealth trading partners in goods are also the UK s main Commonwealth trading partners in services (and that proportionately they account for the same amount of imports and of services as they do for goods) then tables 2a and 2b below show estimates of the UK s trade in goods and services with the Commonwealth in and 2011: Table 2a Estimated UK trade with the Commonwealth millions Exports Imports Balance % change 2001 to % change 2001 to Goods 14,389 29, % 18,940 28,420 50% -4, Services 9,017 22, % 7,372 12,239 66% 1,645 10,185 Goods and services 23,406 51, % 26,312 40,659 55% -2,906 10,874 Table 2b Estimated UK trade with the Commonwealth % of total UK trade Exports Imports Percentage point change 2001 to Percentage point change 2001 to 2011 Goods 7.6% 9.7% 2.1% 8.2% 7.1% -1.1% Services 10.1% 11.6% 1.5% 10.3% 10.4% 0.1% Goods and services 8.4% 10.5% 2.0% 8.7% 7.9% -0.9% Source: Based on ONS, The Pink Book 2012, 2012 The tables show that, in 2011, the Commonwealth accounted for an estimated 29 billion or 10% of all UK goods and 22 billion or 12% of all UK services. As a source of imports for the UK, the Commonwealth accounted for an estimated 28 billion or 7% of all UK goods imports and 12 billion or 10% of all UK services imports. The UK had an estimated trade surplus of 0.7 billion in goods with the Commonwealth and a trade surplus of 10 billion in services. 7 The tables also show that, over the period, the Commonwealth has become a relatively more important export market for the UK but a less important source of imports: UK goods and services imports from Commonwealth rose by just over 50% while to Commonwealth rose by 120%; 6 7 India, Canada, South Africa and Australia accounted for 61% and 53% of the UK s imports and of goods respectively from the Commonwealth in 2001 ONS, The Pink Book 2012,

6 UK of goods and services to Commonwealth in 2011 accounted for 2.0 percentage points more of total UK of goods and services than in 2001; and UK imports of goods and services from Commonwealth in 2011 accounted for 0.9 of a percentage point less of total UK imports of goods and services than in Further information: FCO Commonwealth web pages: The Commonwealth Secretariat website: BIS Trade policy pages: UKTI s website: 6

7 Appendix 1: List of current Commonwealth countries Source: The Commonwealth Secretariat website 7

8 Appendix 2: Tables Table 1 UK trade in goods with the Commonwealth As % of UK total As % of UK total Imports Exports Balance Imports Exports Imports Exports Balance Imports Exports ,104 2, % 37.9% ,506 15,856 3, % 14.4% ,174 2, % 41.6% ,908 14,605 4, % 14.3% ,502 2, % 40.2% ,833 13,075 3, % 13.5% ,339 3, % 41.9% ,222 10,733 1, % 11.7% ,384 2, % 38.6% ,470 10,857 1, % 11.6% ,597 2, % 39.3% ,679 11,651 1, % 11.5% ,375 2, % 40.8% ,788 11,942 2, % 11.2% ,781 3, % 40.9% ,719 14,412 3, % 11.0% ,669 3, % 37.7% ,474 16,205 2, % 11.1% ,676 3, % 37.7% ,294 16,978 2, % 11.0% ,506 3, % 38.8% ,067 18,915 1, % 10.2% ,756 3, % 36.4% ,186 16, % 9.2% ,916 3, % 35.9% ,843 16, % 8.9% ,738 3, % 33.1% ,534 17, % 9.5% ,765 3, % 29.8% ,766 20,049 2, % 9.8% ,140 3, % 29.3% ,887 22,730 1, % 9.5% ,770 3,633-1, % 29.0% ,489 23, % 9.2% ,730 3, % 29.0% ,414 24,233-1, % 8.7% ,719 4, % 27.7% ,794 21,041-3, % 7.8% ,654 3, % 26.8% ,857 20,969-4, % 7.8% ,690 3, % 24.5% ,611 22,914-5, % 8.1% ,932 4, % 23.7% ,410 20,985-7, % 7.8% ,351 4, % 23.0% ,620 20,988-7, % 7.6% ,287 5, % 23.7% ,969 25,417-8, % 8.3% ,701 5, % 20.5% ,387 29,247-13, % 8.6% ,131 5,712-1, % 18.4% ,635 29,942-14, % 7.6% ,432 7,254-1, % 18.4% ,587 33,456-21, % 7.4% ,071 8, % 18.9% ,246 36,328-21, % 8.2% ,251 7, % 17.4% ,315 41,644-19, % 8.8% ,223 9, % 16.2% ,707 30,218-19, % 8.5% ,155 11,377 2, % 16.8% ,581 32,036-22, % 8.3% ,650 12,013 1, % 13.9% ,089 40,797-27, % 8.8% Source: Based on IMF, DOTS via ESDS 8

9 Table 1a UK trade in goods with the Commonwealth, Imports Antigua and Barbuda Australia 1,320 1,415 1,709 1,530 1,892 1,499 1,631 1,753 2,022 2,254 2,366 2,266 2,391 2,646 2,665 2,985 3,473 4,102 6,100 6,673 8,006 5,646 6,422 7,699 The Bahamas Bangladesh ,163 1,172 1,460 1,541 1,623 1,605 1,530 1,956 Barbados Belize Botswana ,552 1,548 1,815 2,118 2,900 2,196 1, ,879 Brunei Darussalam Cameroon Canada 3,632 3,741 3,984 3,384 3,337 2,786 2,881 3,757 3,873 4,185 4,315 5,054 6,243 5,455 5,544 6,205 7,827 7,677 9,805 12,457 12,924 10,158 12,537 18,258 Cyprus , Dominica Fiji* The Gambia Ghana Grenada Guyana India 1,007 1,148 1,427 1,374 1,513 1,635 1,974 2,266 2,514 2,660 2,408 2,405 2,594 2,714 2,809 3,509 4,284 5,051 5,624 7,295 7,686 6,368 7,157 8,347 Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia 934 1,105 1,387 1,635 1,934 2,097 1,845 2,347 3,708 3,368 3,305 3,310 3,589 2,898 2,702 3,134 3,783 3,183 3,788 3,559 3,338 2,410 5,168 4,756 Maldives Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand ,080 1,102 1,083 1,318 1,311 1,159 1,147 1,246 Nigeria , ,212 3,597 Pakistan , , ,004 1,147 Papua New Guinea Rwanda Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore 1,031 1,477 1,837 1,992 2,092 2,429 2,905 3,479 4,012 4,445 4,082 3,965 3,743 3,094 3,054 4,460 6,333 6,558 6,421 7,245 5,548 4,043 4,024 4,214 Solomon Islands South Africa 1,425 1,447 1,915 1,696 1,427 1,498 1,487 1,751 1,902 2,279 2,354 2,651 3,971 4,241 4,208 4,918 6,119 6,732 8,982 10,127 12,664 11,399 9,088 7,961 Sri Lanka ,037 1,138 1, ,011 St Kitts and Nevis St Lucia St Vincent and the Gre Swaziland Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Republic of Tan Vanuatu Zambia Commonwealth total 13,474 14,294 17,067 16,186 16,843 16,534 17,766 20,887 24,489 25,414 24,794 25,857 28,611 28,410 28,620 33,969 42,387 44,635 54,587 58,246 61,315 49,707 54,581 68,089 World total 189, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,775 Source: IMF, DOTS via ESDS 9

10 Table 1b UK trade in goods with the Commonwealth, Exports Antigua and Barbuda Australia 2,450 2,800 2,957 2,387 2,424 2,399 2,947 3,312 3,866 4,019 3,719 3,488 4,057 3,345 3,194 3,755 4,407 4,730 5,039 6,590 7,582 4,433 4,082 5,396 The Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Darussalam Cameroon Canada 3,626 3,548 3,381 2,996 2,781 2,764 2,929 2,857 3,074 3,532 3,605 4,138 5,302 4,647 4,705 5,339 6,109 5,196 6,224 5,851 5,850 5,376 5,998 6,956 Cyprus , ,082 Dominica Fiji* The Gambia Ghana Grenada Guyana India 1,979 2,264 2,237 1,805 1,668 1,695 2,009 2,655 2,659 2,584 2,080 2,350 3,110 2,568 2,648 3,741 4,121 5,084 4,775 5,502 7,083 4,338 5,444 7,850 Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia ,081 1,028 1,120 1,447 2,000 1,888 1,811 1,975 1,130 1,525 1,375 1,492 1,326 1,698 1,827 1,473 1,485 1,810 1,951 1,524 1,466 1,689 Maldives Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria , ,078 1,228 1,430 1,459 1,513 2,002 2,578 1,890 1,814 2,089 Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore 1,125 1,266 1,860 1,803 2,022 2,144 2,815 3,263 3,351 3,245 2,672 2,594 2,464 2,307 2,185 2,598 3,148 3,599 4,071 4,739 5,118 4,270 4,238 4,869 Solomon Islands South Africa 1,912 1,699 1,983 1,807 1,752 1,686 2,170 2,893 2,932 2,694 2,542 2,078 2,125 2,228 2,416 2,909 3,452 3,573 3,906 4,137 5,552 3,273 3,851 5,456 Sri Lanka St Kitts and Nevis St Lucia St Vincent and the Gre Swaziland Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Republic of Tan Vanuatu Zambia Commonwealth total 16,205 16,978 18,915 16,990 16,865 17,199 20,049 22,730 23,806 24,233 21,041 20,969 22,914 20,985 20,988 25,417 29,247 29,942 33,456 36,328 41,644 30,218 32,036 40,797 World total 146, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,277 Source: IMF, DOTS via ESDS 10

11 Table 3a Table 3b Trade in goods with the Commonwealth, Exports 2001 Trade in goods with the Commonwealth, Imports 2001 Ten largest sectorrs Ten largest sectorrs as % of all UK goods to the Commonwealth as % of all UK goods imports from the Commonwealth Parts of aircraft and spacecraft of heading 8801 or 8802, n.e.s. 778,852, % Electronic integrated circuits; parts thereof 870,660, % Medicaments consisting of mixed or unmixed products for therapeutic or prophylactic uses, put up in measured doses "incl. those in the form of transdermal administration" or in forms or packings for retail sale etc 653,138, % Automatic data-processing machines and units thereof; magnetic or optical readers, machines for transcribing data onto data media in coded form and machines for processing such data, n.e.s. 636,380, % Turbojets, turbopropellers and other gas turbines 631,020, % Coal; briquettes, ovoids and similar solid fuels manufactured from coal 633,271, % Telephone sets, incl. telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks; other apparatus for the transmission or reception of voice, images or other data, incl. apparatus for communication etc 462,331, % Parts and accessories (other than covers, carrying cases and the like) suitable for use solely or principally with machines of heading 8469 to 8472, n.e.s. 632,707, % Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude 451,367, % Wine of fresh grapes, incl. fortified wines; grape must, partly fermented and 473,020, % of an actual alcoholic strength of > 0,5% vol or grape must with added alcohol of an actual alcoholic strength of > 0,5% vol Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons, incl. station wagons and racing cars (excl. motor vehicles of heading 8702) 430,597, % Turbojets, turbopropellers and other gas turbines 465,686, % Electronic integrated circuits; parts thereof 273,348, % Telephone sets, incl. telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks; other apparatus for the transmission or reception of voice, images or other data, incl. apparatus for communication etc Parts and accessories (other than covers, carrying cases and the like) suitable for use solely or principally with machines of heading 8469 to 8472, n.e.s. 255,653, % Powered aircraft "e.g. helicopters and aeroplanes"; spacecraft, incl. satellites, and suborbital and spacecraft launch vehicles 460,636, % 416,892, % Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength of < 80%; spirits, liqueurs and other spirituous beverages (excl. compound alcoholic preparations of a kind used for the manufacture of beverages) 252,251, % Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form 388,491, % Automatic data-processing machines and units thereof; magnetic or optical readers, machines for transcribing data onto data media in coded form and machines for processing such data, n.e.s. 236,319, % Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons, incl. station wagons and racing cars (excl. motor vehicles of heading 8702) 257,419, % Total 14,082,503,696 Total 19,335,132,859 Source: uktradeinfo.com Source: uktradeinfo.com 11

12 Table 3c Table 3d Trade in goods with the Commonwealth, Exports 2011 Trade in goods with the Commonwealth, Imports 2011 Ten largest sectorrs Ten largest sectorrs as % of all UK goods to the Commonwealth as % of all UK goods imports from the Commonwealth Turbojets, turbopropellers and other gas turbines 2,614,541, % Turbojets, turbopropellers and other gas turbines 1,453,343, % Silver, incl. silver plated with gold or platinum, unwrought or in semimanufactured forms, or in powder form 2,031,676, % Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (excl. crude); preparations containing >= 70% by weight of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals, etc 865,487, % Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons, incl. station wagons and racing cars (excl. motor vehicles of heading 8702) Diamonds, whether or not worked, but not mounted or set (excl. unmounted stones for pick-up styluses, worked stones, suitable for use as parts of meters, measuring instruments or other articles of chapter 90) Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (excl. crude); preparations containing >= 70% by weight of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals, these oils being the basic constituents etc Medicaments consisting of mixed or unmixed products for therapeutic or prophylactic uses, put up in measured doses "incl. those in the form of transdermal administration" or in forms or packings for retail sale etc Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength of < 80%; spirits, liqueurs and other spirituous beverages (excl. compound alcoholic preparations of a kind used for the manufacture of beverages) 1,810,078, % T-shirts, singlets and other vests, knitted or crocheted 599,215, % 1,624,694, % Wine of fresh grapes, incl. fortified wines; grape must, partly fermented and of an actual alcoholic strength of > 0,5% vol or grape must with added alcohol of an actual alcoholic strength of > 0,5% vol 579,892, % 1,485,868, % Oxygen-function amino-compounds 571,266, % 1,024,823, % Women's or girls' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, dresses, skirts, divided skirts, trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts (excl. knitted or crocheted, wind-jackets and similar articles, slips, pettic ,511, % Waste and scrap of precious metal or of metal clad with precious metal; other waste and scrap containing precious metal or precious-metal compounds, of a kind used principally for the recovery of precious metal etc 565,963, % 455,040, % Parts of aircraft and spacecraft of heading 8801 or 8802, n.e.s. 826,182, % Parts of aircraft and spacecraft of heading 8801 or 8802, n.e.s. 402,944, % Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel (excl. slag, scale and other waste from the production of iron or steel; radioactive waste and scrap; fragments of pigs, blocks etc Printed books, brochures and similar printed matter, whether or not in single sheets (excl. periodicals and publications which are essentially devoted to advertising) 493,095, % Men's or boys' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts (excl. knitted or crocheted, wind-jackets and similar articles, separate waistcoats, tracksuits, ski suits etc 371,420, % Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats and similar articles, knitted or crocheted (excl. wadded waistcoats) 401,842, % 385,838, % Total 28,743,042,575 Total 34,429,794,961 Source: uktradeinfo.com Source: uktradeinfo.com 12

13 Table 5 Imports, 1960 Imports, 1970 Imports, United States 1,605 13% 1 United States 2,818 13% 1 Germany 11,797 11% 2 Canada 1,060 8% 2 Canada 1,639 8% 2 United States 10,593 10% 3 Australia 556 4% 3 Germany 1,317 6% 3 Netherlands 8,937 8% 4 New Zealand 521 4% 4 Netherlands 1,102 5% 4 France 8,342 8% 5 Germany 516 4% 5 Sweden 891 4% 5 Ireland 6,182 6% 6 Netherlands 509 4% 6 France 884 4% 6 Belgium-Luxembourg 6,098 6% 7 Sweden 460 4% 7 Ireland 819 4% 7 Italy 4,414 4% 8 Kuwait 449 4% 8 South Africa 682 3% 8 Sweden 3,773 3% 9 India 420 3% 9 Denamrk 660 3% 9 Switzerland 2,906 3% 10 Denmark 408 3% 10 Australia 624 3% 10 Germany 2,799 3% World 12,559 World 21,727 World 110,078 Imports, 1990 Imports, 2000 Imports, Germany 35,571 16% 1 United States 44,997 13% 1 Germany 80,362 13% 2 United States 25,036 11% 2 Germany 42,230 13% 2 China 52,329 8% 3 France 20,771 9% 3 France 26,929 8% 3 Netherlands 45,378 7% 4 Netherlands 18,700 8% 4 Netherlands 22,970 7% 4 United States 44,741 7% 5 Japan 12,064 5% 5 Japan 15,907 5% 5 France 36,410 6% 6 Italy 11,863 5% 6 Belgium 15,246 5% 6 Belgium 30,427 5% 7 Belgium-Luxembourg 10,204 5% 7 Italy 14,671 4% 7 Norway 30,184 5% 8 Ireland 8,129 4% 8 Ireland 14,453 4% 8 Italy 22,471 4% 9 Switzerland 7,501 3% 9 Hong Kong 9,259 3% 9 Ireland 20,823 3% 10 Norway 7,166 3% 10 Spain 9,134 3% 10 Canada 18,258 3% World 223,055 World 334,974 World 640,157 Source: IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics, via ESDS 13