Volume 7 Instrumentation (JAR Ref 022)

Transcription

1 Volume 7 Instrumentation (JAR Ref 022) Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Air Temperature Measurement Introduction Direct Reading Thermometer Electrical Thermometer Static Air Temperature Sensor Total Air Temperature Probe CHAPTER 2 Pitot-Static System Introduction Pitot Tube Static Source Alternate Static Source Combined Pitot-Static (Pressure) Head Operating Problems Pitot/Static System Errors CHAPTER 3 Pressure Altimeter Introduction Pressure Altitude Density Altitude The Simple Altimeter Datum Sub-Scale Settings The Sensitive Altimeter Altimeter Displays Design Errors Errors due to Calibration Blockages and Leakages Servo Altimeters Operation of a Servo-Altimeter Servo-Altimeter Power Failure Altitude Encoding Advantages of Servo-Altimeters CHAPTER 4 Vertical Speed Indicator Introduction Principle of Operation Operation of the VSI Errors of the VSI Lag Instrument Error Manoeuvre Induced Error Faults of the VSI Blockages Breakage or leakage in the Static Line Instantaneous Vertical Speed Indicator (IVSI) Operation of the IVSI / ILVSI Instrumentation Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved i

2 Table of Contents Volume 7 Instrumentation (JAR Ref 022) CHAPTER 5 Airspeed Indicator Introduction Principle of the Airspeed Indicator (ASI) Operation of a Simple ASI Sensitive and Servo Airspeed Indicators Calibration of the ASI Colour Coding of the ASI ASI Errors ASI Faults Calculation of CAS to TAS (up to 300 knots) CHAPTER 6 Machmeter Introduction Critical Mach Number (M crit ) Principle of Operation Machmeter Construction and Operation Calibration Errors Blockages and Leakages Accuracy Serviceability Checks CHAPTER 7 Mach Airspeed Indicator Introduction Display V MO Pointer Driven Cursor Bugs Linkages Errors CHAPTER 8 Central Air Data Computer Introduction The Central Air Data Computer Conversion of Sensing Pressures Digital Air Data Computer ii Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved Instrumentation

3 Volume 7 Instrumentation (JAR Ref 022) Table of Contents CHAPTER 9 Basic Magnetism Introduction Magnetic Properties Fundamental Laws of Magnetism Characteristics of Lines of Magnetic Flux Magnetic Materials Ferromagnetic Paramagnetic Diamagnetic Permeability Electromagnetism An Electromagnet Magnetic Moments Period of Oscillation of a Suspended Magnet CHAPTER 10 Terrestrial Magnetism Introduction Magnetic Dip Earth's Total Magnetic Force Examples Magnetic Variation CHAPTER 11 Aeroplane Magnetism Introduction Types of Aeroplane Magnetism Components of Hard Iron Magnetism Components of Soft Iron Magnetism Determination of Deviation Coefficients Minimum Deviation Maximum Deviation Joint Airworthiness Requirements (JAR) Limits Compass Swinging The Compass Swing Procedure An Example of a Compass Swing Deviation Compensation Devices CHAPTER 12 Direct Reading Magnetic Compass Introduction Properties of a Direct Reading Compass E Type Compass Pre-flight Checks Principle of a Pendulum Acceleration Errors Turning Errors Instrumentation Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved iii

4 Table of Contents Volume 7 Instrumentation (JAR Ref 022) CHAPTER 13 Remote Indicating Compass Introduction RIC Architecture Principle of a Flux Detector Element Flux Detector Unit Operation of the Remote Indicating Compass System Gyroscope Element Heading Indicator Modes of Operation Synchronising Indicators Manual Synchronisation Operation of an RIC in a Turn Advantages of a Remote Indicating Gyro Magnetic Compass Disadvantages of the Remote Indicating Gyro Magnetic Compass CHAPTER 14 Gyroscopic Principles Introduction Principle of Construction Gyroscopic properties Types of Gyroscopes Power Sources for Gyroscopes The Disadvantages and Advantages of Air Driven Gyros The Disadvantages and Advantages of Electrically Driven Gyros Gyro Wander Horizontal Axis Gyro Vertical Axis Gyro Transport Wander Examples of Gyro Wander CHAPTER 15 Direction Indicator Introduction Basic Description of the Direction Indicator Operation of the Direction Indicator Errors Associated with the Air Driven Direction Indicator Use of the Direction Indicator (DI) Advanced Use of the Direction Indicator Sample Calculation iv Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved Instrumentation

5 Volume 7 Instrumentation (JAR Ref 022) Table of Contents CHAPTER 16 Artificial Horizon Introduction Air driven (Classic) Artificial Horizon Construction Operation Erection System Errors Electrically Driven Artificial Horizon Construction Torque Motor and Levelling Switch System Fast Erection Errors Remote Vertical Gyro Standby Attitude Indicator CHAPTER 17 Turn and Balance Indicator Introduction Turn Indicator Construction and Principle of Operation Operation Errors Pre-flight Check The Balance Indicator Construction and Operation Limitations and Errors Pre-Flight Check Electrically Driven Turn and Balance Indicators Typical Indications on a Turn and Balance Indicator CHAPTER 18 Turn Co-ordinator Introduction Principle of Operation Instrumentation Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved v

6 Table of Contents Volume 7 Instrumentation (JAR Ref 022) CHAPTER 19 Inertial Navigation System Introduction The Principle and Construction of an Accelerometer Performance Operation of a Gyro-Stabilised Platform Setting-up Procedures Levelling Alignment Levelling and Alignment Corrections Coriolis Centripetal Acceleration Wander Azimuth System The Schuler Tuned Platform Errors The Advantages and Disadvantages of an INS Mode Selector Panel Control Display Unit CHAPTER 20 Inertial Reference System Introduction Description of the Strap-Down System Solid State Gyros Ring Laser Gyro Fibre Optic Gyro Advantages and Disadvantages of RLGs Alignment of the Inertial Reference System Performance The Control, Display, and Output from an IRS Description of a Typical IRS IRS Transfer Switch IRS Alignment Loss of Alignment in Flight CHAPTER 21 Radio Altimeter Introduction The Radio Altimeter System Principle of Operation of a Radio Altimeter Performance and Accuracy of a Radio Altimeter Errors Associated with a Radio Altimeter Leakage Errors Mushing Errors The Advantages of a Radio Altimeter vi Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved Instrumentation

7 Volume 7 Instrumentation (JAR Ref 022) Table of Contents CHAPTER 22 Electronic Flight Instrument System Introduction EFIS Architecture Symbol Generator (SG) Instrument Comparator Unit (ICU) Compression Mode Temperature Sensing Units Mode Control Panels (MCP) Light Sensors Attitude Director Indicator (ADI) Radio Altitude Decision Height Localiser and Glide Slope Indication The Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) Plan Mode VOR and ILS Modes EFIS/IRS Interface Heading Reference Switch HSI Symbology CHAPTER 23 Flight Management System Introduction The Flight Management Computer System Command Display Unit Control Panels CDU and FMC Terminology The Flight Management Computer Memory General FMS Operation Pre-Flight Enroute Lateral Navigation (LNAV) Vertical Navigation (VNAV) Operational Notes Fuel Monitoring Flight Control and Management Summary CHAPTER 24 Flight Director System Introduction Flight Director Architecture Flight Director Control Inputs The Flight Director Computer (FDC) Mode Control Unit Flight Director Displays Flight Director Modes of Operation Attitude Mode Heading Altitude Hold Localiser/VOR (LOC/VOR) Glideslope (GS) Go-Around (GA) Mode Annunciator Operation of the Attitude Director Indicator The Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) Flight Director Commands Instrumentation Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved vii

8 Table of Contents Volume 7 Instrumentation (JAR Ref 022) CHAPTER 25 Automatic Flight Control System Introduction Stability and Control Augmentation Attitude Hold Flight Control Classification of an AFCS Control Channels Inner Loop Control (Stabilisation) Operation of an Inner Loop Pitch Stabilisation System Outer Loop Control Roll Modes Pitch Modes Combined Roll and Pitch Modes Attitude Sensing The AFCS Computer (Signal Processor) Servomotor Actuators Autopilot Terminology Cross Coupling ILS Coupling VOR Coupling Stability Problems Yaw Damper Mach Trim System Automatic Pitch Trim Control Interlocks Synchronisation Instinctive Cut Out CHAPTER 26 Automatic Landing System Introduction Basic Requirements for an Automatic Landing System Automatic Landing System Terminology Automatic Landing System Equipment Requirements Automatic Approach, Flare, and Landing Sequence Weather Minima ICAO Categorisation for Low Visibility Landing Capabilities The Fundamental Landing Requirement System Reliability and Integrity CHAPTER 27 Thrust Management Systems Introduction Determining the Thrust Required Calculation of Climb and Cruise Thrust Cruising Methods Electronic Engine Control (EEC) Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) Autothrottle (A/T) Thrust Lever Operation Thrust Management via the Autothrottle Thrust Management Computer (TMC) Thrust Mode Select Panel (TMSP) viii Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved Instrumentation

9 Volume 7 Instrumentation (JAR Ref 022) Table of Contents CHAPTER 28 Central Warning System Introduction Central Warning System Annunciator Panel Aural Warnings CHAPTER 29 Altitude Alerting System Introduction Altitude Alerting System Operation CHAPTER 30 Ground Proximity Warning System Introduction GPWS System Architecture GPWS Modes Warning System GPWS Control Panel Discretionary Response Warning Inhibition The Reporting of GPWS Events Operation of the GPWS Mode Mode Mode Mode Mode Mode Joint Aviation Requirements CHAPTER 31 Traffic Collision Avoidance System Introduction TCAS I TCAS II TCAS III Aeroplane Installation Operation of TCAS II TCAS Aural Warnings Information Display Resolution Advisory / Vertical Speed Indicator (RA / VSI) TCAS Control Panel Operating Restrictions Instrumentation Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved ix

10 Table of Contents Volume 7 Instrumentation (JAR Ref 022) CHAPTER 32 Mach/Airspeed Warning System Introduction System Architecture and Operation Maximum Operating Airspeed Schedule CHAPTER 33 Stall Warning Introduction Light Aeroplane Stall Warning Device Transport Category Aeroplane Stall Warning Device CHAPTER 34 Recording Devices Introduction Flight Data Recorder (FDR) Requirements FDR Design Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) Requirements CVR Design CHAPTER 35 General Engine Instrumentation Introduction Piston Engines Turbo Propeller Engines Gas Turbine Engines CHAPTER 36 Pressure and Temperature Sensors Introduction Pressure Measurement Temperature Measurement CHAPTER 37 Pressure and Temperature Indicators Introduction Pressure Indicators Manifold Pressure (MAP) Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR) Fuel and Oil Pressures Temperature Indicators Cylinder Head Pressure Exhaust Gas Temperature Fuel and Oil Temperatures x Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved Instrumentation

11 Volume 7 Instrumentation (JAR Ref 022) Table of Contents CHAPTER 38 RPM Indicators and Propeller Synchroniser Systems Introduction Tachometers Magnetic Drag Tachometer Tacho-Generator and Indicator System Tachometer Probe and Indicator System Propeller Auxiliary Systems Synchronisation System Synchrophasing System Operation of a Synchrophasing System CHAPTER 39 Engine Torque Measurement Introduction Torque Meter Negative Torque Sensing CHAPTER 40 Vibration Monitoring Introduction Vibration Monitoring System CHAPTER 41 Fuel Gauge Introduction Measurement of Fuel Quantity Float Type Ratio Metre Type Fuel Gauge Capacitance Type of Fuel Gauge Fuel Totaliser Fuel Flow CHAPTER 42 EICAS Introduction EICAS Architecture Engine Displays Crew Alerting Warnings (Level A) Cautions (Level B) Advisories (Level C) Master Warning/Caution Light Inhibits Display Messages Status Maintenance EICAS Failure Modes Instrumentation Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved xi

12 Table of Contents Volume 7 Instrumentation (JAR Ref 022) CHAPTER 43 ECAM Introduction Engine / Warning (E/W) CRT Display The System / Status (S/S) CRT Display ECAM System Architecture Flight Warning Computers (FWCS) Display management Computers (DMC) System Data Acquisition Concentrators (SDAC) ECAM Control Panel (ECP) Attention Getters ECAM System Failure Failure Categorisation System Operation xii Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved Instrumentation