DRIVE OF CIRCULAR CLARIFIERS FOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS WITH THE HELP OF LINEAR ELECTRIC MOTORS
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1 Annals of the University of Petroşani, Mechanical Engineering, 11 (2009), DRIVE OF CIRCULAR CLARIFIERS FOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS WITH THE HELP OF LINEAR ELECTRIC MOTORS HORIA SIMASCHEVICI 1, SORIN MIHĂILESCU 2 Abstract: This paper covers a series of the conclusions drawn by the researchers on the use of linear electric motors for the drive of the arm mounted on the circular clarifiers for industrial suspended solids of 50 m in diameter. Key words: clarifier, drive, linear electric motors 1. INTRODUCTION The engineering decanting flow that separates gravimetrically the suspended solids from the liquor plays an important part in the cleaning of waste waters loaded with industrial or domestic suspended solids. These clarifiers can be rectangular or circular. The circular clarifiers are mostly used for high flow rates; here, the suspended solids settle on the bottom inclined towards the centre of the clarifier. The scraper arm is supported against the central bolt of the clarifier and rotates continuously inside the clarifier; on one hand, it promotes the settlement of suspended solids by keep on moving the liquor and, on the other hand, it forces the thick slime from the bottom of the clarifier towards the central bolt. Subsequently, the thick slime is collected into the pit all around the central bolt, from there, the thick slime is pumped with the help of thickening pumps towards the next cleaning stage. The clear water gathers at the upper side of the clarifier and it is either discharged later directly into the emissary or it is chemically treated before recycling. The driving of the scraper arms mounted on circular clarifiers is performed either with the help of the central bolt or peripherally. The most part of large clarifiers are driven peripherally; the electric motors drive a carriage that supports the arm of the 1 Prof. Eng. PhD. at University of Petroşani 2 Assoc. Prof. Eng. PhD. at University of Petroşani, Department for Machines, Installations and Transportation,, mihailescus@gmail.com
2 206 Simaschevici, H., Mihăilescu, S. clarifier. This carriage runs either on rubber tyres or it uses a system made up a wheel and a steering rack, located around the specially arranged circumference of the clarifier. 2. SOLUTION RELATED TO THE DRIVE WITH LINEAR ELECTRIC MOTOR As these clarifiers are used for the cleaning of waste industrial waters, the driving mechanism of the clarifier arm shall have to meet the following conditions in order to fulfil the engineering needs: - it shall operate at a maximum peripheral velocity of 0.1 m/s; - it shall have the option to operate at variable velocity in relation to the water turbidity, grain size and type of the suspended solids so that the efficiency of the clarifier should be maximum; - when the solids resulted after decanting displays a high adhesion to the surfaces made of concrete, the scraper attached to the scraper arm shall have the option for lowering down and lifting according to the needs; - it shall operate in continuous manner, irrespective of climate, at low temperatures. The above listed conditions can be met when the scraper arm is driven by a linear electric motor. The armature of the motor is made of a continuous metallic profile mounted on the brim of the clarifier made of concrete and the inductor is a coil fastened to a carriage. The arm of the clarifier rests on the carriage and moves along the armature. Both the armature and the inductor display a curving radius of 50 m. When driven by linear electric motors, the arm of the clarifier is driven by the run train of the carriage. For this reason, the run on two railway tracks was selected; these tracks were placed on the circumference of the clarifier where the friction coefficient during the run is very low, i.e. μ 0 = 0.05, so driving power is much reduced. The power necessary for the driving of the arm bearing carriage has been determined by tests performed on a clarifier at a coal preparation plant in the Jiu Valley. For the run with steel wheels on steel tracks, the power necessary for moving the arm reached P b = 1 kw and the power necessary for carrying forward the slurry reached P s = 0.7 kw. The power necessary for the driving of the linear electric motor is the following one: P mel = Pb + Ps =1.700 W (1) A traction force given by the equation: Pmel F = = = N (2) v 0,11 and corresponds to this power and for a velocity for peripheral movement of the arm v = 0.11 m/s.
3 Drive of Circular Clarifiers for Suspended Solids with the Help of 207 There has been designed a linear electric motor bearing the following technical specifications: - supply voltage: U = 380 V; - traction force: F = N; - number of phases: m 1 = 3; - maximum velocity in motion: v = 0,11 m/s; - frequency displayed by the mains: f 1 = 1 2 Hz; - thickness of armature: D = 10,8 mm; - minimum distance between the armature and the inductor: i = 2 mm; - deviation from the admitted rated load: S N = 0,2; - synchronization velocity: v = 0,137 m/s; - pole pitch: τ = 0,054 m; - tooth pitch: t r = 0,018 m; - notch width: bc = 0,01 m; - tooth width: bd = 0,008 m; - notch height: hc = 0,02 m; - density of the current layer: Pm = 5, A/m; - number of poles: p = 27; - inductor length: l i = 2,9 m; - inductor width: bi = 0,2 m; - inductor height: hi = 0,04 m; - resistance of coil on one phase: R1 = 41,8 Ω; -8 - electrical resistivity of armature: ρ = 1,8 10 Ω m; - resistance of armature reduced to the inductor: R2 = 13,37 Ω; - total reactance: Xm = 29,78 Ω; - total permeance: s t = 1,58; - coefficient of leakage from pole to pole: K x = 1,17; - reactance to leakage of the inductor on one phase: X 1 = 29,72 Ω; The parameters of the coil are the following ones: - coil pitch: y = τ = 0,054 m; - number of windings on each phase: w 1 = windings; - diameter of the winding wire: d = 0,5 mm; - number of paths of current: a 1 = 1; - lead wires connected in parallel on a path of current: n 1 = 1; - winding factor: k = w1 1. The electric linear motor is supplied by a frequency converter, at low and variable frequency since it is not possible to reach the necessary reduced velocity due to the geometry of the motor. The velocity depends on the pole pitch whose size cannot be reduced under a certain limit. The armature is made of a I30 profile, especially due to mechanical reasons, and plated with copper or aluminium plates for an increase output and power factor. The inductor of the motor is made of electro-technical sheets attached with the help of two cross bars. The winding consists in insulated copper wire laid on the notches of the inductor and fastened with the help of a textolite wedge.
4 208 Simaschevici, H., Mihăilescu, S. Figure 1 shows the bilateral construction of the linear electric motor and Figure 2 shows the cross section of a clarifier and the bird s eye view with the location of the linear electric motor. ARMATURE Fig. 1. Linear electric motor Fig. 2. Clarifier Ø50: 1 carriage for the driving of the scraper arm; 2 - scraper arm; 3 scraper; 4 lifting system of the scraper; 5 central bolt; 6 circular brim of the clarifier made of concrete; 7 thickening pit
5 Drive of Circular Clarifiers for Suspended Solids with the Help of 209 Two base methods are being used for braking purposes, similar to the ones used on asynchronous motor: - switching of phases of the mains voltage; in this situation, the direction of the advancing magnetic field changes and the braking system is strong; - disconnecting the primary from the mains and supplying continuous current. It can be a useful method to increase safety because it stops the system automatically in case of damage. The air gap is relatively large and its size is not considered from an electric point of view, but it is determined by the mechanical conditions during full use. In the structure of the driving device, there shall also be provided the stability of the air gap. To this end, there has been used a 4 guiding roller-type system, placed in front and rear side of the coil of the inductor and these rollers glide along the lateral sides of the armature. Since a large force of attraction can arise between the primary and the secondary coils, we have to have the lowest possible frictions because they diminish the useful traction force. The gear that drives and supports the arm is a 4 wheeled carriage of 3100 mm in length (Fig. 3, Fig. 4). Fig. 3. Carriage, lateral view The framework of the carriage is made of profiles and thick sheets welded among them; consequently, it is a rigid, highly resistant construction against the stresses conveyed to the arm of the clarifier during the operating period. The rim of the framework is made of U20 profile. In order to avoid the deformation of the rim during bending, the framework has been stiffened with ribs made of thick sheets on all four sides. The ribs were welded in the middle of the U shaped profile. On the framework of the carriage, towards its end sides, there were welded carriers for the bearings of the wheels of the undercarriage; there were also welded carriers on which 4 angle profiles of equal wings that support the coils of the linear motor are mounted on this framework. The undercarriage supports the carriage along the gliding route.
6 210 Simaschevici, H., Mihăilescu, S. Fig. 4. Carriage, front view: 1 metallic framework to support the carriage; 2 Gliding system of the carriage; 3 railway tracks; 4 inductor of the linear electric motor; 5 armature of the linear electric motor; 6 guiding rollers; 7 system for the support of the inductor and of the guiding rollers; 8 circular brim made of concrete of the clarifier; 9 supporting rollers of the scraper arm 3. CONCLUSIONS The driving of the arms mounted on circular clarifiers for suspended solids with the help of linear electric motors can be a simple solution of high reliability, with low power consumption, thus fulfilling all the requirements for this installation. REFERENCES: [1]. Simaschevici, H., Bociat, M.A., Driving Device of the Scraper Arm of Solid Suspensions Settlers, on Rails, with Linear Electric Motors, Annals of the University of Petroşani, Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 9, 2007, pp [2]. ***, Dispozitiv de acţionare a braţului raclor al decantorului pentru suspensii solide. Contract de cercetare A4/1998 cu RAH Petroşani
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