General Electrical Information

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1 Memorial University of Newfoundland Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography Physics 2055 Laboratory General Electrical Information Breadboards The name breadboard comes from the days when electrical components were attached by screws to large wooden boards. Modern breadboards are small plastic rectangles filled with holes. They come in different sizes; the most common size used in this laboratory has two rows each of 50 holes along the top and bottom, and 64 columns of ten holes, separated into two groups of five. Behind each hole is a small spring which contacts any wire pushed into the hole. This spring is connected to neighbouring holes so that there is an electrical connection between wires pushed into adjacent holes. The diagram shows a section of the breadboard and which holes are connected together. Diagram to show the connections between the holes in a breadboard. Notice that the holes are usually connected in groups of five, so that you can connect up to five wires at one point. The rows of holes at the top and bottom of the breadboard are normally used to provide high voltage and ground connections. P2055: General Electrical Information (1)

2 Power Supplies The low voltage power supplies used in this laboratory allow you to chose +5 volts, +12 volts and 12 volts d.c. The maximum current which can be delivered is 1 A. Connection is made by either using a banana plug inserted into the appropriate terminal, or connecting a short wire from the terminal to the breadboard which is fastened to the front of the power supply unit. Normally you will connect a wire from the +5 vor+12 v terminal to the top row of breadboard holes and another from Ground to the bottom row. The arrangement of the terminals is shown in the following diagram: ON Power +5 volts +12 volts -12 volts Ground Tie Points Note that there are four terminals which are labeled Tie Points. These are not connected to the power supply, but are useful for connecting voltmeters and the like. You should, wherever possible, avoid using these terminals for connecting components into your circuit and use the breadboard instead. The above diagram refers to the newest power supplies. The older power supplies are used in exactly the same way, but the terminal configuration may be a little different. From time to time you will be using larger power supplies which can deliver higher currents. These commercial models are reasonably straightforward to use, but you should take some time to become familiar with a new power supply before starting your experiment. They will often incorporate a third Ground terminal; this terminal is normally not used and electrical connections to the circuit will use the + and terminals only. Multimeters A multimeter is the most useful measuring instrument which you will find in the laboratory; it allows you to measure voltage, current and resistance, often in both AC and DC circuits. Be aware that in AC mode, the multimeter will give a null reading when connected to a DC signal, since there is no time-varying component. There are many different kinds of multimeter in common use; some are digital, some are analogue, some use push-button switches to change functions, some use large rotary switches and some use different jacks. It is important, therefore, to ensure that the switches are (2) P2055: General Electrical Information

3 set correctly before connecting the meter into the circuit to prevent damage to the meter or to the circuit. The range switches set the maximum value of the quantity to be measured. If you do not know the approximate value, start at a high value and work down, finally using the scale which gives the most accurate value. The current measurement often causes most trouble: the ideal current meter has zero resistance, which means that if you put it directly across a battery or power supply, you will burn something up. Always put the current meter in series with the element through which the current you wish to measure is going. This means that you have to break the circuit and insert the meter at the point of disconnection so that the current can go through the meter as well as the circuit element of interest. Also, you need to make sure that the + and terminals are connected correctly: when a digital meter displays a negative value, it means that the direction of the current in the meter is opposite to what you thought it was. Using the multimeter as a voltmeter when the ammeter function is selected must be avoided. If you attempt to use the meter in this way, the internal fuse will blow! The shunt resistance of the multimeter is only 1Ω for the 200 ma range. The internal fuse is rated at 2 A, which means that the fuse will blow if such an ammeter is hooked across a potential difference of more than a few volts. (This includes power supplies!) A resistance measurement uses electrical power provided by the meter itself. The most important thing to remember, therefore, is not to measure resistance of a component when it is still connected to a circuit. To do so would either give a meaningless result, or worse, damage the meter. You must disconnect an individual component from the circuit before measuring its resistance otherwise you will measure the equivalent parallel resistance of the whole circuit. Uncertainties in Multimeter Readings The accuracy of the meter is often printed on the bottom side of the meter in the form ±([%of reading]+[number of least significant digits]). For example, if the accuracy for resistance is given as ±(0.2% + 1), then a reading of kω is uncertain by (0.2%) (1 digits) or ± kω. Thus the value to be recorded is 673 ± 2 Ω. The Keithley 179A multimeters, when used in the 2 V range, can measure voltages with an accuracy given by the numerical weight of the least significant digit plus 0.04% when P2055: General Electrical Information (3)

4 properly calibrated. For example, a reading of V has a least significant digit of V (0.1 mv); 0.04% of the reading is 0.8 mv. The resulting uncertainty in the reading is actually about 1.0 mv and should be recorded as 1.984±0.001 V. Thus a 4 1 / 2 digit readout is really only good to 3 1 / 2 digits. Be careful. Resistor Colour Code The resistance of a resistor is indicated by four coloured bands, as shown in the diagram. Reading from left to right, the first two bands represent the first two digits, the third the multiplier and the fourth band, which is gold or silver, represents the tolerance of the resistor. A B C D Denoting the bands by A, B, C and D, then the value of the resistor (in Ω) is AB 10 C where the numerical values of A, B and C are given by the colour code in the table. (4) P2055: General Electrical Information

5 Colour Value Multiplier Tolerance (D) black =1 gold ±5% brown =10 silver ±10% red = 100 no band ±20% orange = 1000 yellow green blue violet grey white For example, if the bands on a resistor are coloured yellow (4), violet (7), brown (1) and silver, the nominal resistance is 470 Ω and the tolerance is ±10%. If the third band(band C) is gold or silver, then the value of the multiplier is 10 1 or 10 2, respectively. P2055: General Electrical Information (5)

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