Activity 3 Solutions: Electricity

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1 Activity 3 Solutions: Electricity 3.1 Electric Charge, Voltage and Energy 1) Electric charge Your instructor will demonstrate a Wimshurst machine, which separates electric charge. a) Describe what happens to the hanging soda cans as electric charge from the Wimshurst machine flows onto the cans. The attractive electrical force between the positive charge on one can and the negative charge on the other can causes the two soda cans move closer together over a distance of about 5 cm. Electrical energy is converted into kinetic energy as the can move together and into gravitational potential energy as the cans swing upward. b) Why do you see sparks between the cans or between the balls of the Wimshurst machine? The attractive electrical force between the cans or between the balls of the Wimshurst machine becomes so great that the separated charge comes back together by moving through the air from one can to the other or from one ball to the other. As the charge moves, some of its electrical energy is converted into thermal, radiant, and sound energy. 2) Voltage Your instructor will discuss voltage, which is a measure of the amount of energy per charge. (voltage = energy/charge) a) A Leyden jar consists of two metal cylinders separated by a plastic cup. Using a connecting wire, attach the outer cylinder to the ground wire above your table. Use two connecting wires to attach a tin can voltmeter to the Leyden jar. Clip the end of one connecting wire to the bottom of the tin can voltmeter and the other end to the ground wire. Attach the second connecting wire from the top of the voltmeter to the handle of the Leyden jar. Place a charge on the inner cylinder by rubbing a plastic rod with foam and sliding the rod along the ball on the cylinder s handle. Repeat 5 or 6 times without touching the ball with your hand. How much voltage does the charge you placed on the Leyden jar have? usually several thousand volts is possible b) Group Discussion Question: Students typically measure thousands of volts with the tin can voltmeter. Even household voltages of 120 volts can be dangerous. Why isn t this activity dangerous? Although the voltages V are high, the amount of change Q is very low. Therefore, the electrical potential energy Epot = Q V is too small to be dangerous. 1

2 3.2 Electric Current 3) Electricity is moving charge: Disconnect the tin can voltmeter from Leyden jar. attached to the outer cylinder. Keep the ground wire Place a charge on the inner cylinder by rubbing a plastic rod with foam and sliding the rod along the inner cylinder handle as you did in the previous activity. Now touch one wire of a small neon bulb to the outer cylinder and the other bulb wire to the handle of the inner cylinder. a) Describe what happens. What causes the bulb to light? Negative charge flows from the inner cylinder through the bulb and to the outer cylinder. As the charge flows through the bulb, it causes the bulb to light. This flow of charge is an electric current. b) Plug the incandescent light bulb into the wattmeter. Measure the amps of current through the bulb. c) How many coulombs of charge per second flow through this circuit? Q = I t d) Group Discussion Question: What is the difference between electric charge and electric current? Electric current (electricity) is moving electric charge. 3.3 How Is Electric Current Generated? 4) Generating an electric current a) Connect the tan coil of wire to the large galvanometer that measures electric current. Move a magnet near and into the wire coil. What does the galvanometer needle indicate? A current is induced in the wire when the magnet moves near to and into the coil of wire. The galvanometer measures this current. b) Hold the magnet still and move the coil of wire. Describe what happens. The galvanometer again measures current flowing through the wire. The direction of current flow depends on the direction the wire moves relative to the magnet. c) What happens if neither the magnet nor the wire is moving? No current flows. moving. One (either the magnet or the wire) must be d) What must happen in a power plant to generate electricity? Generators use kinetic energy to spin magnets near coils of wire. Spinning the magnet creates a changing magnetic field through the coil. The changing field induces a current in the wires. 2

3 Activity 3.4: How Is Electricity Transmitted? 5) Joule heating Your instructor will discuss joule heating in transmission wires. a) Considering the equation for joule heating, P joule = I 2 R, why could reducing the current cause a large decrease in joule heating? Since the current is squared (I 2 ), even small decreases in current can result in large reductions in the amount of joule heating. b) Considering the equation relating power, voltage, and current, P = I V, how could the current be reduced while keeping the same amount of power? If the voltage is increased while keeping the same amount of power, the current will decrease. 6) Circuits with transformers: Your instructor will demonstrate transformers used in electric circuits. Circuit #1: One light bulb: Note the brightness of one bulb with no transformer. Circuit #2: A step-down transformer connected to one light bulb: How does the brightness of the bulb compare to the brightness in circuit #1? The bulb is dim because the voltage is too low to push much current through the bulb. Circuit #3: A step-down transformer, a step-up transformer, and one bulb: Up How does the brightness of the bulb compare to the brightness in circuit #1? The bulb is nearly as bright as in circuit #1. The step-down transformer lowers the voltage, and the step-up transformer raises it again. However, in the process, some energy is wasted as joule heating in the transformers, so the bulb is not quite as bright as in a circuit with no transformers. Circuit #4: A step-down transformer, high resistance wires, a step-up transformer, and one bulb: Up How does the brightness of the bulb compare to the brightness in circuit #1? The bulb is very dim. The step-down transformer increases the current that flows through the high resistance wires. Energy is wasted as joule heating of the wires, so less energy is available to light the bulb. 3

4 7) Electricity transmission: Since large amounts of electricity cannot be easily stored, electricity is generated as needed and transmitted long distances to customers. Should electricity be transmitted at high voltage or low voltage? Your instructor will demonstrate two methods for transmitting electricity using high resistance wires, step-down transformers, and 4 bulb trays. In circuit #1, the stepdown transformer reduces the voltage before the current flows across the high resistance wires. In circuit #2, the voltage is reduced after the current has crossed the high resistance wires. Circuit #1 Circuit #2 a) In which circuit are the bulbs brighter? Prediction: Answer: _Circuit #2_ b) Which of the two circuits transmits electricity at a higher voltage through the high resistance wires? Explain why. In circuit #2, the step-down transformer is placed after the high resistance wires. Current flows across these wires at a higher voltage. c) Which circuit has more current flowing through the high resistance wires? Explain why. In circuit #1, the step-down transformer is placed before the high resistance wires. The transformer trades reduced voltage for increased current, so more current flows through the high resistance wires in circuit #1. d) Which circuit wastes more energy as joule heating? Explain why. Circuit #1 has more current flowing across the high resistance wires and has more joule heating of the wires. ( P = I 2 R). With more energy wasted as joule heating, there is less energy to light the bulbs in circuit #1, and the bulbs are dimmer. e) Group Discussion Question: What is the major advantage of transmitting electricity at high voltages? At high voltages, less current is required to transmit the same amount of power (P = I V). With less current, there is less joule heating (P = I 2 R). 4

5 Activity 3.5: How Much Does Electricity Cost? 8) Measuring Electricity with a Kilowatt-hour Meter a) Plug a hair dryer into the kilowatt-hour meter and describe what happens to the meter when the dryer is set on low. The disk rotates slowly, measuring the electricity provided to the hair dryer. b) What happens when the dryer is changed to high? The disk rotates more rapidly, indicating that more electricity is being used per unit of time. c) How long must a 1,000 watt clothes dryer be connected to a kilowatt-hour meter before the meter reading increases by one kilowatt-hour? _1 hr d) How many kilowatt hours of electricity are required when a 500 watt space heater is used for 5 hours? E = P t = 500 watts x 5 hours = 2,500 watt-hours 2,500 watt-hours x 1 kw = 2.5 kwh 1,000 watts e) If electricity costs $0.12 per kilowatt-hour, how much does it cost to operate this heater for 5 hours? 2.5 kwh x $0.12 = $0.30 kwh 5

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