Series and Parallel Circuits
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1 Series and Parallel Circuits 1 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
2 Series and Parallel Circuits 2 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
3 What are series and parallel circuits? 3 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Circuit components can be wired in series or parallel. Some circuits include both series and parallel parts. A series circuit has all its components wired in the same loop. These tree lights are wired in series. A parallel circuit contains junctions and so there is more than one path for the current. Car headlights are wired in parallel. What would happen if they were wired in series?
4 Series circuits experiment 4 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
5 Current in a series circuit 5 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 In a series circuit, the current flows through one continuous pathway. So, the current is the same in all parts of a series circuit. 1A 1A 1A
6 6 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Potential difference in a series circuit In a series circuit, the potential difference of the battery is shared by the components. So, the sum of the potential difference across the components equals the battery voltage. 3V 3V As more bulbs are added in series, each bulb has less potential difference and so the bulbs become dimmer.
7 7 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Potential difference and work The potential differences 6V across all the components in a series circuit must add up to the potential difference across the power supply. This is because the work done 4V 2V by the battery on the charge must always equal the work done on the components. Otherwise, energy would be lost. The component with the highest resistance will have the largest potential difference because the higher the resistance, the more work is done by the charge passing through it. A change in the resistance of one component will change the potential difference across all the components.
8 8 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Resistance in a series circuit In a series circuit, the total resistance of all the components is equal to the sum of the resistance of each component. R total = R 1 + R 2 + A 10Ω resistor and a 20Ω resistor are connected in series. What is the total resistance of the two resistors? 20Ω R total = R 1 + R 2 = = 30Ω 10Ω
9 Equivalent resistance 9 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Problems using circuits with more than one resistor can be simplified by calculating the equivalent resistance. Several resistors in a circuit can be replaced by one equivalent resistor with a resistance equal to the total resistance of all the resistors. For example: 15Ω = 20Ω 35Ω
10 Properties of series circuits 10 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
11 Series and Parallel Circuits 11 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
12 Parallel circuits experiment 12 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
13 Current in a parallel circuit 13 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 In a parallel circuit, the current divides at the point where the circuit branches and then recombines to complete the circuit. So, the current is not the same in all parts of a parallel circuit. The total current through the circuit is the sum of the currents through each branch of the circuit. 2A 1A 2A 1A
14 Potential difference in parallel circuits 14 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 In a parallel circuit, the potential difference across each component is the same as the potential difference across the battery. This means that all the bulbs in a parallel circuit have the same brightness, and they are brighter than the same number of bulbs in a series circuit. 6V 6V However, this also means that the battery will run down faster in a parallel circuit. 6V
15 Resistance and current in parallel circuits 15 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Two circuits were set up using identical bulbs and batteries. 2A 4A Which ammeter reading will be higher? Ammeter A 2 will have the higher reading. Connecting resistors in parallel actually lowers the overall resistance of the circuit. This is because there are more paths for the charges to move along, so more current can flow. The current through each component in parallel is the same as it would be if it was the only component.
16 16 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Different size resistors 6.5 A current A 2 A 3 A 4 3A 1.5A 2A If bulbs with different resistances are connected in parallel to a 3V battery, what will the current be through each? The same voltage will cause a larger current to flow through a small resistance than a big one, so the bulb with the lowest resistance will have the biggest current.
17 Series and Parallel Circuits 17 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
18 Using ammeters 18 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 An ammeter is used to measure the current through a circuit. The current through the ammeter must be the same as the current through the part of the circuit that is being measured. Current in a series circuit is the same throughout the circuit. This means that ammeters must be connected in series with the components they are measuring.
19 Using voltmeters 19 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 A voltmeter is used to measure the potential difference across a component. The potential difference across the voltmeter must be the same as the potential difference across the component that is being measured. Potential difference is the same across components connected in parallel. This means that voltmeters must be connected in parallel with the components that they are measuring.
20 Series and Parallel Circuits 20 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
21 Glossary 21 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
22 Comparing circuits 22 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
23 Multiple-choice quiz 23 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
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