California State University, Bakersfield. Signals and Systems. Kristin Koehler. California State University, Bakersfield Lecture 4 July 18 th, 2013
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1 Kristin Koehler California State University, Bakersfield Lecture 4 July 18 th,
2 Outline Internal combustion engines 2 stroke combustion engines 4 stroke combustion engines Diesel engines 2
3 Consists of 3 moving parts Crankshaft Connecting rods Pistons Piston Connecting Rod Crankshaft 3
4 Crankshaft The crankshaft is that part of the engine that converts linear motion into rotary motion. The rotary motion created by the crankshaft is what drives the rotation of the wheels on a vehicle. Without a crankshaft there would not be any way to create rotary motion, hence a vehicle could not move. Crankshaft 4
5 Connecting Rod The connecting rod connects the crankshaft to the piston. It acts as an extender and a hinge allowing the crankshaft to move in a circular motion while the piston moves linearly (up and down). Connecting Rod 5
6 Piston Each piston is housed inside its own cylinder. The piston moves vertically through the cylinder that houses it. The motion of the piston through the cylinder compresses a mixture of air and fuel which will be ignited by a spark plug once it has reached a certain pressure. Piston 6
7 Consist of 7 stationary parts Crankcase Intake port Transfer port Exhaust port Cooling fins Spark plug (glow plug) Cylinder head 7
8 Crankcase The crankcase is the lower, round portion of the cylinder. The crankcase houses the crank and the crankshaft. There is NOT an oil reservoir in the bottom of the crankcase as there is in a four stroke engine. Crankcase 8
9 Intake Port The intake port is the lower of the two ports that allow substances in or out of the cylinder. It may be located on either side of the cylinder and is not always on the same side as the exhaust port. The intake port is where the mixture of fuel, in this case gasoline mixed with engine oil, and air are allowed into the cylinder. Intake Port 9
10 Transfer Port The transfer port is located on the opposite side of the cylinder and crankcase as the intake port. It connects the crankcase and the cylinder creating a passage for the fuel and air mixture. The intake port is where the mixture of fuel and air passes through as it enters the cylinder above the piston where it will be compressed. Transfer Port 10
11 Cooling Fins The cooling fins are located along the exterior of the cylinder near the cylinder head. They are located on both sides of the cylinder to increase efficiency. The cooling fins are used to draw heat out of the cylinder and allow the heat to dissipate into the surrounding external air to keep the engine from overheating. Cooling Fins 11
12 Spark Plug The spark plug is located at the center of the top of the cylinder. The spark plug creates a spark that will ignite and burn the fuel creating power and exhaust. Spark Plug 12
13 Cylinder Head The cylinder head is located at the top of the cylinder. The cylinder head is simply the top of the cylinder that encloses the piston and keeps the fuel mixture from escaping until it has been burned and becomes exhaust which will exit through the exhaust port. Cylinder Head 13
14 Oil The way a two stroke engine uses oil is slightly different than that of the more common four stroke engine. In a two stroke engine the oil is actually mixed with the fuel, typically gasoline, and air mixture that gets injected into the cylinder. Because the oil is mixed with this, that means that when the fuel is ignited so is the oil. Hence, a two stroke engine intentionally burns oil and only a portion of the oil is able to be distributed throughout the engine for lubrication. 14
15 Oil Pros Cons All parts are well lubricated Lubrication is dispersed throughout entire engine through the air Burning oil does not mean that something is wrong Constantly burning oil Exhaust contains more pollutants Exhaust may have a bluish color to it and/or an odor of burning oil 15
16 How It Works The two stroke engine has been given its name because when in operation the piston completes two strokes in one cycle. Intake/Compression stroke Power stroke 16
17 Intake/Compression Stroke The first stroke that takes place in a two stroke engine is the intake/compression stroke. During this stroke, the cylinder is filled with the mixture of fuel, gasoline and oil, and air as the piston lowers. The fuel mixture is initially released into the crankcase and makes its way into the transfer port. As the piston lowers, the pressure in the crankcase increases which pushes the fuel through the transfer port into the cylinder. 17
18 Intake/Compression Stroke Fuel and air mixture entering cylinder. 18
19 Intake/Compression Stroke Once the cylinder is filled with fuel, the piston begins to rise through the cylinder. As the piston rises, the pressure inside the cylinder increases which also causes the temperature inside the cylinder to rise in a manner proportional to the pressure. At this point both intake and compression have been achieved. While the piston is in the upper portion of the cylinder, the intake port in uncovered allowing fuel and air to enter the crankcase. 19
20 Combustion Combustion marks the end of the intake/compression stroke and the beginning of the power stroke. Once the piston has risen to top dead center, when the piston is as high as it can go and the connecting rod is entirely vertical, the spark plug is activated. The activation of the spark plug creates a spark that ignites the fuel that has been compressed in the cylinder. 20
21 Power Stroke The power stroke begins as the compressed fuel in the cylinder is ignited. Upon ignition, the burning fuel expands rapidly which places a downward force on the piston. This force pushes the piston back down the chamber, uncovering the exhaust port and allowing the exhaust to escape the cylinder. 21
22 Power Stroke The power that pushes the piston down is also what creates the rotary motion desired when running an engine. As the piston lowers, the fuel is again being pushed through the transfer port, allowing the two stroke cycle to begin again. 22
23 Intake Valves The intake port may have a valve contained within in it that provides better control of fuel release and prevents backflow of fuel into the carburetor. The most common valve types include Reed valves Rotary valves Reed valves are made of some type of reed and only open to allow fuel into the crankcase. Rotary valves are connected to the rotary system and only uncover the intake port when the piston is in the upper portion of the cylinder. 23
24 Rotary Valves While reed valves can be quite effective they must be replaced every so often due to the nature of the reed. Rotary valves have several advantages over conventional engine assemblies such as: Higher compression ratios and RPMs More compact, lighter cylinder head Less complex Higher reliability at lower cost 24
25 Events that take place BELOW the piston: Intake Pre-compression Transfer Events that take place ABOVE the piston: Compression Combustion Scavenging (release of exhaust) 25
26 Recap Intake/compression stroke Power stroke Oil Valves 26
27 27
28 Outline Internal combustion engines 2 stroke combustion engines 4 stroke combustion engines Diesel engines 28
29 4 Stroke Engines Consists of 6 moving parts Crankshaft Connecting rods Pistons Intake valve Exhaust valve Cams Intake Valve Exhaust Valve Piston Connecting Rod Crankshaft 29
30 4 Stroke Engines Moving Parts Review Crankshaft converts linear motion into rotary motion Connecting rod connects the crankshaft to the piston (hinge) Piston moves vertically through cylinder to compress fuel 30
31 4 Stroke Engines Moving Parts Intake valve the intake valve is opened as the piston lowers through the chamber on the first stroke to allow fuel to be sucked into the cylinder Exhaust valve the exhaust valve is opened as the piston rises through the cylinder on the fourth stroke of the cycle to allow the exhaust to be pushed out Rocker arms the rocker arms press down on the intake/exhaust valves to open them Intake Valve Exhaust Valve Rocker arm 31
32 4 Stroke Engines Consists of 3 stationary parts Crankcase Combustion chamber (cylinder) Spark plug Spark Plug Combustion Chamber Crankcase 32
33 4 Stroke Engines Crankcase like the two stroke engine, houses the crankshaft, but in a four stroke engine it is also where the oil is located (in an oil sump) Combustion chamber also known as the cylinder is what the piston rises and falls in Spark Plug creates the spark that ignites the fuel Spark Plug Combustion Chamber Crankcase 33
34 4 Stroke Engines Oil In a four stoke engine the oil lies in what is called an oil sump that is at the bottom of the crankcase. The crankshaft is oiled with every rotation as it passes through the oil sump at the bottom of the crankcase. Thus, burning oil in a four stroke engine means that something is wrong and should be fixed immediately. 34
35 4 Stroke Engines How It Works The four stroke engine consists of four strokes in one cycle of operation. Intake stroke Compression stroke Combustion stroke (power stroke) Exhaust stroke 35
36 4 Stroke Engines Intake Stroke The intake stroke begins when the piston is at top-dead center (TDC). The intake valve opens and because of the vacuum that is created in the cylinder, the mixture of fuel and air is sucked into the cylinder. The intake valve is closed and the stroke is completed once the piston reaches bottom-dead center (BDC). 36
37 4 Stroke Engines Compression Stroke The compression stroke begins when the piston is at bottom-dead center. With both the intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston rises through the cylinder, or combustion chamber, compressing the mixture of fuel and air. The compression stroke finishes once the piston reaches top-dead center and the fuel is at maximum pressure. 37
38 4 Stroke Engines Combustion Stroke The combustion stroke begins when the piston is at top-dead center. With both the intake and exhaust valves closed, the spark plug is triggered, producing a spark that ignites the fuel in the combustion chamber. Upon ignition, the fuel rapidly expands and forces the piston down into the power stroke. The combustion/power stroke finishes once the piston reaches bottom-dead center. Spark 38
39 4 Stroke Engines Exhaust Stroke The exhaust stroke begins when the piston is at bottom-dead center. The exhaust valve opens at this point and as the piston rises through the cylinder the exhaust fumes are forced out of the chamber through the exhaust valve. The exhaust stroke finishes once the piston reaches top-dead center. This marks the end of one complete cycle of a four stroke engine. 39
40 4 Stroke Engines Review and Comparison troke+engine+works&mid=13323a0c326e A0C326E &view=detail&FORM=VIR E1 40
41 4 Stroke Engines 41
42 References s1600/6-3-two-strokecompressionignition.jpg 42
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