LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

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1 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

com Application Engineer Michael.Feeney@Henkel.

2 Meet Your Presenters Doug Lescarbeau Michael Feeney Market Development Director Application Engineer 2 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES LOCTITE Instant Adhesives

3 Agenda 1. Who is Henkel? 2. Mechanics of a Threaded Assembly 3. Threaded Assembly Failures 4. Friction in a Threaded Assembly 5. Fastener Variability Study 6. The Torque-Tension Relationship 7. A Threadlocker s Effect 8. Questions 3 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

4 Agenda 1. Who is Henkel? 2. Mechanics of a Threaded Assembly 3. Threaded Assembly Failures 4. Friction in a Threaded Assembly 5. Fastener Variability Study 6. The Torque-Tension Relationship 7. A Threadlocker s Effect 8. Equipment Solutions & Additional Resources 9. Questions 4 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

5 Who we are Global leading positions in consumer and industrial businesses Consumer Businesses Industrial Business Laundry & Home Care Beauty Care Adhesive Technologies 5 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Who we are Henkel at a glance 2014 Almost

0% organic sales growth 61% of our sales

one-time charges/gains and restructuring

6 Who we are Henkel at a glance 2014 Almost 50,000 employees worldwide 2.9 bn adjusted 1 operating profit (EBIT) Around 18.1 bn sales, +3.0% organic sales growth 61% of our sales generated by our top 10 brands 43% of our sales generated in emerging markets 139 years of brand success 1 Adjusted for one-time charges/gains and restructuring charges. 6 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Aerospace Electronics Consumer & Craftsmen Top Brands 7 June

7 Adhesive Technologies Business Units Business Units General Industry Packaging & Consumer Goods Automotive & Metals Aerospace Electronics Consumer & Craftsmen Top Brands 7 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Adhesive Technologies Leading solution provider in adhesives,

Leader Deep industry expertise Leading brands for industrial

presence and customer proximity Comprehensive portfolio of

8 Adhesive Technologies Leading solution provider in adhesives, sealants & functional coatings Customer Partnership Innovation Leader Deep industry expertise Leading brands for industrial customers and consumers Best-in-class quality and service Global presence and customer proximity Comprehensive portfolio of leading technologies Innovation driver in the industry Shaping industry megatrends (e.g. sustainability, lightweight) 8 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

9 Agenda 1. Who is Henkel? 2. Mechanics of a Threaded Assembly 3. Threaded Assembly Failures 4. Friction in a Threaded Assembly 5. Fastener Variability Study 6. The Torque-Tension Relationship 7. A Threadlocker s Effect 8. Equipment Solutions & Additional Resources 9. Questions 9 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Threaded Assemblies How does a nut & bolt work?

Thread friction 10 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE

10 Threaded Assemblies How does a nut & bolt work? Application of on-torque Bolt is stretched like a spring Target clamp load is reached Clamp load is retained by a) Bolt head friction b) Thread friction 10 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

magnitude to the tension of the bolt but opposite in direction FASTENER ELONGATION Why is it important?

11 Threaded Assemblies What is clamp load? Clamp load is the force that holds a joint together CLAMP LOAD In a threaded assembly, the clamp load is equal in magnitude to the tension of the bolt but opposite in direction FASTENER ELONGATION Why is it important? A bolted joint is designed so that the external forces never overcome the clamp load. This is why fasteners are used! 11 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

12 Agenda 1. Who is Henkel? 2. Mechanics of a Threaded Assembly 3. Threaded Assembly Failures 4. Friction in a Threaded Assembly 5. Fastener Variability Study 6. The Torque-Tension Relationship 7. A Threadlocker s Effect 8. Equipment Solutions & Additional Resources 9. Questions 12 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

13 Threaded Assemblies Why do threaded assemblies fail? 13 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

14 Threaded Assemblies Thread friction in detail air metal to metal 14 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

15 Threaded Assemblies Reasons for failure Relaxation Self-loosening Different thermal expansion Corrosion Steel Copper 15 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

extensive inventory of several shapes and sizes Prone to rust More costly than

16 Threaded Assemblies Shortcomings of mechanical locking devices Loosen under vibration, thermal expansion and/or improper torque Do not seal threads Require extensive inventory of several shapes and sizes Prone to rust More costly than Loctite threadlockers 16 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

plastic Creates material closure Maintains friction by adhesion Resists

17 Threaded Assemblies Key characteristics of a Loctite threadlocker Single component Fills all voids to unitize the nut and bolt Cures to thermoset plastic Creates material closure Maintains friction by adhesion Resists vibration 17 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Threaded Assemblies Root Cause Analysis Root cause analysis often does not go far enough, often stopping when a bolt has failed. Failure can be either broken or yielded, or when clamp load is lost.

18 Threaded Assemblies Root Cause Analysis Root cause analysis often does not go far enough, often stopping when a bolt has failed. Failure can be either broken or yielded, or when clamp load is lost. Why do bolts break? Typically because clamp load is lost, bolts become loose, and then they get sheared. Need to go further and understand the mechanics of the bolted joint. This will lead to true root cause analysis, the failure being a vibrational locking system was not employed, or not enough clamp load was delivered. 18 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

19 Threaded Assemblies Clamp Load = Bolt Tension Another mode of failure of a bolt is lack of adequate clamp load on assembly. Many variables are involved in what clamp load delivers. Lubricity is key to assembly, but not everything. 19 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

20 Clamp Force Threaded Assemblies What is the target for clamp load? How much tension do you need on a bolt? Typically the target is 75% of the proof load Target Ultimate Tensile Strength YIELD STRENGTH PROOF LOAD 100% PROOF (90% YIELD) 75% PROOF 50% PROOF 0 Elastic Stretch Permanent Stretch 20 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

21 Threaded Assemblies Target for clamp load? Methods to precisely determine the correct bolt stretch Micrometer on a bolt to directly measure bolt stretch. Good for critical applications such as wind tower bases, but is a slow and delicate process. Torque to yield bolts used in the automotive cylinder head assembly. Creates an even clamp load by permanently stretching; clamp load a function of the steel metallurgy. Downside is bolts are single-use only. The most common method remains a torque wrench. 21 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Threaded Assemblies Torque Tension Relationship How is the tension achieved? Torque is applied to the nut or head of the bolt. How much torque should be applied?

22 Threaded Assemblies Torque Tension Relationship How is the tension achieved? Torque is applied to the nut or head of the bolt. How much torque should be applied? Dry or wet (oiled) torque values are specified by the bolt manufacturer or a torque chart. What if you use a threadlocker? Does this change the torque value? Yes, applying a threadlocker changes the friction and, therefore, changes how much torque becomes clamping force. Does every threadlocker have the same effect on torque? No, there are differences in their ability to lubricate. 22 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

23 Torque-Tension Relationship Torque Charts Tightening Torque Guide SAE Grade 8 Coarse Thread Size Clamp Load lbs. Plain Plated 1/4-20 (0.250) 2, ft. lbs. 9 ft. lbs. 5/6-18 (0.3125) 4, ft. lbs. 18 ft. lbs. 3/8-16 (0.375) 6, ft. lbs. 33 ft. lbs. 7/16-14 (0.4375) 9, ft. lbs. 52 ft. lbs. 1/2-13 (0.500) 12, ft. lbs. 80 ft. lbs. 9/16-12 (0.5625) 16, ft. lbs. 115 ft. lbs. 5/8-11 (0.625) 20, ft. lbs. 159 ft. lbs. 3/4-10 (0.750) 30, ft. lbs. 282 ft. lbs. 7/8-9 (0.875) 41, ft. lbs. 454 ft. lbs. 1-8 (1.000) 54, ft. lbs. 382 ft. lbs. 1-1/8-7 (1.125) 68,700 1,288 ft. lbs. 966 ft. lbs. 1-1/4-7 (1.250) 87,225 1,817 ft. lbs ft. lbs. 1-3/8-6 (1.375) 103,950 2,382 ft. lbs. 1,787 ft. lbs. 1-1/2-6 (1.500) 126,450 3,161 ft. lbs. 2,371 ft. lbs. 23 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

24 Agenda 1. Who is Henkel? 2. Mechanics of a Threaded Assembly 3. Threaded Assembly Failures 4. Friction in a Threaded Assembly 5. Fastener Variability Study 6. The Torque-Tension Relationship 7. A Threadlocker s Effect 8. Equipment Solutions & Additional Resources 9. Questions 24 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Tightening Torque) UNC 1 UNF 2 Bolt Tension 15% 10% Thread Friction 39% 42% Head Friction 46% 48% Total 100% 100% 1 UNC

25 Threaded Assemblies Clamp Load Friction Approximately 85-90% of the effort used to tighten a threaded fastener is lost to friction Only about 10-15% of the effort is used to generate clamp load Torque Absorption in a Tightened Bolt (Percent of Tightening Torque) UNC 1 UNF 2 Bolt Tension 15% 10% Thread Friction 39% 42% Head Friction 46% 48% Total 100% 100% 1 UNC Unified National Coarse 2 UNF Unified National Fine 25 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Torquing nut vs. torquing of head Hole clearance Etc.

26 Threaded Assemblies Clamp Load Friction Lubricants Diameter of the bolt Substrate Thread pitch & fit Length of engagement Speed of assembly Surface finish Presence or absence of washer Torquing nut vs. torquing of head Hole clearance Etc. Which factors affect the friction of a threaded assembly? 26 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

27 Agenda 1. Who is Henkel? 2. Mechanics of a Threaded Assembly 3. Threaded Assembly Failures 4. Friction in a Threaded Assembly 5. Fastener Variability Study 6. The Torque-Tension Relationship 7. A Threadlocker s Effect 8. Equipment Solutions & Additional Resources 9. Questions 27 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

was the most commonly supplied bolt material.

28 Fastener Variability Study Experiment to verify if surface finish and under-head bolt design would produce a variance in torque Industrial distributors indicated that zinc plated steel was the most commonly supplied bolt material. As the zinc coating prevents rust, no oil film was observed. 28 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Bolts were assembled with a calibrated torque wrench to 112 foot-pounds (152 Nm),

29 Fastener Variability Study 5/8 -NC Grade 5 Zinc plated bolts and nuts from five different bolt manufacturers. Bolts were assembled with a calibrated torque wrench to 112 foot-pounds (152 Nm), the standard SAE Grade 5 recommendations for steel bolts. 29 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Fastener Variability Study Bolt system placed in

30 Fastener Variability Study Bolt system placed in Skidmore-Wilhelm clamp load tester. Skidmore-Wilhelm Bolt Tester Pressure measured and directly correlated by knowledge of the diameter of the piston to measure the clamp load. 30 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Average Clamp Loads for Various Bolt Manufacturers 12000 10000 21% range 8000 Table 1 shows it produced

31 Clamp Load (lbs) Fastener Variability Study First study tested bolts in as-received condition to illustrate the variance in clamp load. Average Clamp Loads for Various Bolt Manufacturers % range 8000 Table 1 shows it produced a clamp load range of 4,100 lbs. (21%) Dry 0 A B C D E Bolt Manufacturers 31 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Clamp Load (lbs) Fastener Variability Study In second study, same bolts from five manufacturers Using a chemical threadlocker Range dropped from 4,100 to 1,300 pounds of clamp load difference with

32 Clamp Load (lbs) Fastener Variability Study In second study, same bolts from five manufacturers Using a chemical threadlocker Range dropped from 4,100 to 1,300 pounds of clamp load difference with chemical threadlocker. Average Clamp Loads for Various Bolt Manufacturers % range Dry Loctite A B C D E Bolt Manufacturers 32 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

33 Clamp Load (lbs) Fastener Variability Study Liquid threadlocker reduced variability by providing a constant lubricity. Average Clamp Loads for Various Bolt Manufacturers % range Some variance remains, which is normal Dry Loctite A B C D E Bolt Manufacturers 33 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

34 Agenda 1. Who is Henkel? 2. Mechanics of a Threaded Assembly 3. Threaded Assembly Failures 4. Friction in a Threaded Assembly 5. Fastener Variability Study 6. The Torque-Tension Relationship 7. A Threadlocker s Effect 8. Equipment Solutions & Additional Resources 9. Questions 34 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

35 Threaded Assemblies Clamp Load Torque-Tension Relationship The long form equation used to describe the relationship between torque and tension ISO The short form equation: T = K x F x D 35 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

36 Threaded Assembly Clamp Load Torque-Tension Relationship K factor The K factor or torque coefficient is an empirical constant value that takes into account friction and the variable diameter under the head and in the threads where friction is acting. It is determined experimentally to describe the relationship between torque and tension. T = K x F x D T = Torque (N m, lb in, lb ft) K = Torque Coefficient or K Factor F = Clamp Load (N, lb) D = Nominal Diameter (mm, in) 36 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Threaded Assembly Clamp Load Torque-Tension Relationship K factor No Lubricants Diameter of the bolt Substrate Thread pitch & fit Length of engagement Speed of assembly Surface finish Presence or

37 Threaded Assembly Clamp Load Torque-Tension Relationship K factor No Lubricants Diameter of the bolt Substrate Thread pitch & fit Length of engagement Speed of assembly Surface finish Presence or absence of washer Torquing nut vs. torquing of head Hole clearance Etc. Does a threadlocker have a constant K factor? Threadlocking is one variable The K factor describes the friction of an assembly, not a lubricant 37 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

from applied torque is recorded Skidmore-Whilhelm bolt tester Pressure Gauge (Calibrated to

38 Threaded Assemblies Clamp Load How do you test for the K factor? Assembly is loaded into unit Torque is applied to the bolt and measured Clamp load achieved from applied torque is recorded Skidmore-Whilhelm bolt tester Pressure Gauge (Calibrated to read force) Pressurized Fluid Cylinder Piston 38 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Threaded Assemblies Friction Bolts received from a manufacturer may have permanent coating or plating, residual cutting fluids, anti-corrosion oils, etc.

39 Threaded Assemblies Friction Bolts received from a manufacturer may have permanent coating or plating, residual cutting fluids, anti-corrosion oils, etc. The challenge is that these are not documented, and often overlooked as to their influence on the bolted joint. The presence or absence of a lubricant will greatly change the friction coefficient by lubricating the joint. Friction can be controlled using lubricants. 39 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

40 Agenda 1. Who is Henkel? 2. Mechanics of a Threaded Assembly 3. Threaded Assembly Failures 4. Friction in a Threaded Assembly 5. Fastener Variability Study 6. The Torque-Tension Relationship 7. A Threadlocker s Effect 8. Equipment Solutions & Additional Resources 9. Questions 40 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

41 K Factor Torque-Tension Lubricity Benchmarking K Factor of Various Thread Lubricants No lubricant (Dry) Motor Oil Lithium Grease Loctite Moly Paste Loctite 243 Loctite 2047 Thread Lubricants 50% Proof Load 75% Proof Load 90% Proof Load 41 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

42 Threaded Assembly Clamp Load Consistent Assemblies Torque Scatter without LOCTITE Scatter with LOCTITE Tension Why does this happen? 42 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

Threaded Assembly Galling Lubrication prevents galling Galling: Wear caused by friction and the buildup of heat between two sliding surfaces.

43 Threaded Assembly Galling Lubrication prevents galling Galling: Wear caused by friction and the buildup of heat between two sliding surfaces. Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Btu/hr-ft-F) Copper 231 Least likely to gall Aluminum 136 Brass 69 Zinc 67 Steel 32 Stainless Steel 8 Most likely to gall 43 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

44 Agenda 1. Who is Henkel? 2. Mechanics of a Threaded Assembly 3. Threaded Assembly Failures 4. Friction in a Threaded Assembly 5. Fastener Variability Study 6. The Torque-Tension Relationship 7. A Threadlocker s Effect 8. Equipment Solutions & Additional Resources 9. Questions 44 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

45 Dispense Valves Dispense Systems and Controllers Hand-Held Dispensing Light Cure Solutions Motion Control Consumables AG Equipment Total Solutions Equipment.loctite.com 45 June 24, 2016

Viscosity of adhesive? Dispense pattern?

46 Equipment Selection Criteria checklist What are the considerations when choosing appropriate equipment? Adhesive chemistry? Adhesive package? 1-part or 2-part adhesive? Adhesive pot life / work life? Viscosity of adhesive? Dispense pattern? Curing requirements? Size / configuration of customer parts? Production rate? Low level detection? External interface? Capital budget? 46 June 24, 2016

47 AG Equipment Resources Equipment Website equipment.loctite.com Technical Repository E-Commerce Product Information Equipment Services rental/loaners, spare parts, calibrations, repairs, warranty and technical support, etc LOCTITE Equipment Sourcebook 47 June 24, 2016

Henkel Adhesive Resources www.loctite-success.com na.henkel-adhesives.

Over-the-phone assistance Technical Informa

48 Henkel Adhesive Resources na.henkel-adhesives.com/oem The Adhesive Sourcebook Plastic, Rubber and Metal Bonding Guides Application assistance LOCTITE ( ) Over-the-phone assistance Technical Information Services team 8 a.m.-5 p.m. Eastern time In-person assistance Local Adhesive & Sealant Specialists Technical Customer Service department Testing services Process development Authorized Loctite Industrial Products Distributors ~ 5,000 branches in USA 48 June 24, 2016

49 General Intro to the Advantages of Adhesives Customer Success Stories & Videos Solutions Guide Adhesive Testing Lab Information & Videos Information on Additional Webinars Contact Us 49 June 24, 2016

50 na.henkel-adhesives.com/oem NA General Manufacturing Site Advanced Information The Adhesive Sourcebook Product Categories Market Segments Equipment Website Plastic, Rubber and Metal Bonding Guides Product Search TDS, MSDS & RoHS Buy Now How-to videos Literature, Case Histories, Quality Certifications & Additional Resources OEM Blog 50 June 24, 2016

service / support Quality standards / industry certifications Testing

51 Why Henkel? Adhesive supplier considerations Breadth & depth of product offering Technical service / support Quality standards / industry certifications Testing capabilities Global reach and resources Process knowledge / dispensing equipment Industry expertise / innovativeness Overall value of offering 51 June 24, 2016

52 Agenda 1. Who is Henkel? 2. Mechanics of a Threaded Assembly 3. Threaded Assembly Failures 4. Friction in a Threaded Assembly 5. Fastener Variability Study 6. The Torque-Tension Relationship 7. A Threadlocker s Effect 8. Equipment Solutions & Additional Resources 9. Questions 52 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

53 Questions 53 June 24, 2016 LOCTITE WEBINAR SERIES Threadlocking & the Torque-Tension Relationship

54 Thank You! All marks used are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of Henkel and its affiliates in the U.S. and elsewhere. = registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Henkel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Seamless solutions across the entire value chain of electric drive manufacturing

Press Release July 19, 2018 Seamless solutions across the entire value chain of electric drive manufacturing Henkel drives the future of e-mobility Düsseldorf, Germany Building on years of experience and