Sectionalizing. Rick Seeling. Pete Malamen. Introduction Philosophy. Three Phase Reclosers High-Side Protection Specific Applications

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1 Sectionalizing Rick Seeling Introduction Philosophy Pete Malamen Three Phase Reclosers High-Side Protection Specific Applications

2 History Early 1970 s Small Substation Transformers <5,000 kva Single Phase Reclosers Mostly H type Limited Three Phase Reclosers McGraw Type 3 Phase/Ground Trip Plugs No Sequential Coordination No Automation Current Limit Fuses for UG Protection High-Side Fuses Electromechanical Relays 40 Ohm Minimum Fault Resistance Smaller Reclosers and Fuses Use Smallest Recloser which will Carry Load

3 History - Present Larger Substation Transformers >5,000 kva Single Phase Reclosers 4H & L Three Phase Reclosers w/ Single Phase Trip Select Settings on Panel Sequential Coordination Standard Automation Multiple Options Switchgear w/ E fuses for UG Protection Three Phase Circuit Switcher/Transducer High-Side Protection Solid-State Relays w/ many Options 30 Ohm Minimum Fault resistance Larger Single Phase Reclosers Use Largest Recloser Possible

4 Sectionalizing Publications REA/RUS Bulletin 61-2 Guide for Making Sectionalizing Study on Rural Electric Systems 1978 (Rescinded) Cooper/McGraw Distribution System Protection Manual Westinghouse Applied Protective Relaying CRN Bulletin 96-5 Ground Fault Impedance Values for System Protection Manufacturer s Literature

5 Recloser Interruption & Control Hydraulic Interruption & Control Least Expensive ($1,200-2,300) 5 Year or Less Intervals Subject to Miscoordination in Winter

6 Recloser Interruption & Control Hydraulic Control & Vacuum Interruption $ More Expensive per Unit + Year Intervals Same Miscoordination as Above Higher Interruption Ratings

7 Recloser Interruption & Control Vacuum Interruption & Solid-State Control Limited Maintenance Most Expensive (1-ph: $5,700 & 3-ph: $17,000) Coordination Not Affected by Temperature Most Options High Interruption Ratings Solid Type Insulations (e. g. Epoxy)

8 Recloser Selection Interrupting Rating Load Minimum Fault Coordination Simultaneous Trip

9 Recloser Ratings K E E WE L 4H H Min. Trip Coil Size

10 Recloser TCC Time In Seconds, ,L (B) 70,L (A) 70,L (C) 70,L (D)

11 Recloser-Recloser Coordination 50,L (B) 70,L (B) 1 Time In Seconds 50,H (B) 50,L (A) 70,L (A).1 50,4H (B) C t i A,000

12 Simultaneous Trip Time In Seconds Time In Seconds,000,000 50,L 50,L (B) (B) 70,L (B) 70,L (B) ,L 50,L (A) (A) 70,L 70,L (A)

13 Simultaneous Trip Time In Seconds 1 35,L (B) 70,L (B) 35,L (A) 70,L (A).1 i,000

14 Recloser-Recloser Coordination Summary One Size Smaller Recloser will Coordinate Skipping one Size will Reduce Simultaneous Trip May Run Out of Sizes

15 Recloser Fuse Coordination Type T 25,T (TC) Time In Seconds 15,T (MM) 1 12,T (MM) 70,L (A) 70,L (B).1 Current in Amperes,000

16 Recloser-Fuse Coordination Type ,N (MM) 20,N (MM) 15,N (MM) 15,N (MM) 30,N (TC) 30,N (TC) Time In Seconds Time In Seconds ,L (B) 70,L (B) ,L (A) 70,L (A) Current Current in Amperes in Amperes,000,000

17 Recloser-Fuse Coordination Type E 15<E (MM) 20,E (MM) 30,E (TC) 40,E (TC) Time In Seconds 1 70,L (B).1 70,L (A) Current in Amperes,000

18 Recloser-Fuse Summary Fuse Total Clearing Faster than Recloser Delay Fuse Minimum Melt Slower than Recloser Fast Pick a Standard Usually Largest Fuse Possible

19 Fuse-Fuse Coordination 20,T (TC) 25,T (MM),000 Time In Seconds 1.1 C i A

20 Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T Type),T 15,T 25,T 40,T Time In Seconds 1.1 Current in Amperes,000

21 Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T Type) 8,T 12,T 20,T 30,T,000 Time In Seconds 1.1 Current in Amperes

22 Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T- Bayonet) 25,T (MM) Time In Seconds C (25A.) Bayonet 1.1 Current in Amperes,000

23 Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T-E),000 Time In Seconds Time In Seconds 1 25,E MM) (Std & Slow) 25,E MM) (Std & Slow) 25,T (MM) 25,T (MM) Current in Amperes C i A,000,000

24 Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T-K),000 Time In Seconds 25,T (MM) 25,K (MM) 1.1 i,000

25 Fuse-Fuse Coordination (T-CL),000 25, NX C (MM) 25, NX C (MM) Time In Seconds Time In Seconds 25 NXII (MM) 1 25 NXII (MM) 1 25,T (MM).1 25,T (MM).1 Current in Amperes C i A,000,000

26 Fuse-Fuse Coordination Summary Total Clearing Faster than Minimum Melt Stick within a Series or Skip a Size Avoid Mixing Different Types

27 Sectionalizing Philosophy Compromise Compromise Compromise

28 Minimum Fault Resistance 40 Ohm Old REA/RUS Standard Based on 1920 s Bell Lab Studies Largest Single Phase Recloser - 70 Amp Smaller Reclosers and Fuses Overall

29 Minimum Fault Resistance 30 Ohm Supported by CRN 96-5 Less Conservative Largest Single Phase Recloser Amp Larger Reclosers & Fuses Fewer Three Phase Reclosers

30 Minimum Fault Resistance Values Used by IOU s NSP/Excel 20 Ohms MP 0 Ohms or Twice Load Current

31 Sectionalizing Philosophy Recloser Sizing Smallest vs. Largest vs. Hybrid Smallest Smallest Recloser which can carry load Faster Fault Clearing Smaller Load-Side Fuses

32 Recloser Sizing Largest Largest Recloser that Coordinates Larger Load-Side Fuses Fewer Changes in Future Hybrid Same as Largest, but Size Reclosers to Twice Load Level Less Simultaneous Tripping

33 Fast vs. Delay Operations Substation (1) Fast & (3) Delay 85% Faults Temporary Better Coordination with Down-Stream Reclosers Fewer Consumers Affected by Interruption (0) Fast & (3 or 4) Delay Possibly More Outages for Temporary Faults Excellent Coordination with Down-Stream Reclosers No Interruption to Affect Electronic or Commercial Loads

34 Fast vs. Delay Operations Feeder Reclosers (2) Fast & (2) Delay Almost Universal Allows for Temporary Faults to Clear Fewer Outages Affects Electronic Equipment Reset Clocks

35 Fast vs. Delay Operations Underground (1) Delay No Temporary Faults on UG Shouldn t Use If Overhead Beyond Least Amount of Cable Damage (2) Delay Good Coordination if Fuse Used for Overhead Beyond or Fuses on UG Limited Cable Damage (2) Fast & (2) Delay Necessary if Overhead Feeder Beyond Most Cable Damage

36 Recloser Spacing Mileage Between Reclosers on Three Phase 5 Miles Sectionalize Circuit More Shorter Outages Run Out of Sizes on Long Feeders Miles More Line to Patrol for Outage Longer Outages Not as Likely to Run Out of Sizes Except at 24.9kV Longer Distance Difficulty Finding Fault Mostly Easily to Backfeed

37 Tap Protection w/ Recloser vs. Fuse Recloser Smaller Reclosers or Lightly Loaded Reclosers More Expensive if have to Purchases Reclosers One More Operation for Temporary Fault Fewer Outages Smaller Fuses on Taps Beyond Recloser Fuse Larger Fuses and on Tap Replace Fuse for Outage Possibly More Outages

38 Feeder Protection Reclosers Substation Taps with Load Larger than 20 amps or Longer than 5 Miles Every Miles Along Three Phase Every Miles Along Taps Where Load Larger than 20 Amps Beyond Special Loads

39 Feeder Protection Fuses All Taps or All Taps Longer than Three Spans Divide Taps Longer than Miles Sectionalizers All Taps that Could be Fuses, But Would Overload Fuse

40 Minimum Line Recloser & Fuse Size What Size Transformer Fuse Do You Want to Coordinate?

41 Minimum Recloser & Fuse Size What Size Transformer Fuse Do You Want to Coordinate? 25 kva 6,T

42 Minimum Recloser & Fuse Size,T,T 6,T (TC) 6,T (TC),000,000 Time In Seconds Time In Seconds Current Current in Amperes in Amperes

43 Minimum Recloser & Fuse Size What Size Transformer Fuse Do You Want to Coordinate? 25 kva 6,T Line Fuse,T

44 Minimum Recloser & Fuse Size 6,T 6,T (TC) (TC),T,T,000 Time Time In In Seconds ,4H 25,4H (B) (B).1.1 Current in Amperes C i A

45 Minimum Recloser & Fuse Size What Size Transformer Fuse Do You Want to Coordinate? 25 kva 6,T Line Fuse,T Recloser 25 amp

46 Fuses in Series Considerations Damage to Upstream Fuses Minimum Fuse Size Coordination Limitations Avoid as Much as Possible

47 Sectionalizing Rick Seeling Introduction Philosophy Pete Malamen Three Phase Reclosers High-Side Protection Specific Applications

48

49 Three Phase Reclosers

50 Hydraulic Reclosers

51 Recloser with CT s & Solenoids

52 Electronic Control

53 Triple-Single Option 1Ø Trip, 1Ø L.O. 1Ø Trip, 3Ø L.O. 3Ø Trip, 3Ø L.O.

54 Time Dial Settings A PU, TD=2 U4-US Ext Inv 200 A PU, TD=2 U4-US Ext Inv Time In Seconds A PU, TD=2 U4-US Ext Inv.1.01 Current in Amperes,000,000

55 Pickup Settings 200 A PU, TD=1 U4-US Ext Inv 200 A PU, TD=2 U4-US Ext Inv Time In Seconds A PU, TD=4 U4-US Ext Inv.1.01 Current in Amperes,000,000

56 Phase Ground Coordination A PU, TD = 4 U2-US Inverse 300 A PU, TD = 2 U4-US Ext Inv Time In Seconds Current in Amperes,000,000

57 ANSI Standard Device Designation Numbers 25) Synchronizing or Synchronism-Check Device Is a device that operates when two a-c circuits are within the desired limits of frequency, phase angle, or voltage, to permit or to cause the paralleling of these two circuits. 27) Undervoltage Relay Is a relay that functions on a given value of under-voltage. 32) Directional Power Relay Is a device that functions on a desired value of power flow in a given direction or upon reverse power resulting from arcback in the anode or cathode circuits of a power rectifier. 50) Instantaneous Overcurrent or Rate-of-Rise Relay Is a relay that functions instantaneously on an excessive value of current or on an excessive rate of current rise, thus indicating a fault in the apparatus or circuit being protected. 51) A-C Time Overcurrent Relay Is a relay with either a definite or inverse time characteristic that functions when the current in an a-c circuit exceed a predetermined value.

58 ANSI Standard Device Designation Numbers 52) A-C Circuit Breaker Is a device that is used to close and interrupt an a-c power circuit under normal conditions or to interrupt this circuit under fault of emergency conditions. 59) Overvoltage Relay Is a relay that functions on a given value of over-voltage. 67) A-C Directional Overcurrent Relay Is a relay that functions on a desired value of a-c overcurrent flowing in a predetermined direction. 79) A-C Reclosing Relay Is a relay that controls the automatic reclosing and locking out of an a-c circuit interrupter. 81) Frequency Relay Is a relay that functions on a predetermined value of frequency (either under or over or on normal system frequency) or rate of change of frequency. 89) Line Switch Is a switch used as a disconnecting, load-interrupter, or isolating switch in an a-c or d-c power circuit, when this device is electrically operated or has electrical accessories, such as an auxiliary switch, magnetic lock, etc.

59 One-line Diagram

60 Conductor Arcing through Asphalt

61 Conductor Breakage / Glassification

62 Steady State Harmonic Energy

63 Arcing Fault Harmonic Energy

64 Substation Protection

65 Substation Transformer,000 65E SMD-Standard -Total Clear A0.87 Low-Side Line to Line Fault 65E SMD-Standard -Total Clear Low-Side Three Phase Fault 65E SMD-Standard -Total Clear A1.73 Low-Side Single Line to Ground Fault 5,000 kva, kv Transformer Time In Seconds Mechanical Damage Thermal Damage 1.1 Inrush.01 Current in Amperes,000,000

66 Large Substation Transformers, E SMD-Standard -Total Clear Low-Side Three Phase Fault 150E SMD-Standard -Total Clear A1.73 Low-Side Single Line to Ground Fault 12/16/20 MVA, kv Transformer Time In Seconds Mechanical Damage Thermal Damage 1.1 Inrush.01 Current in Amperes,000,000

67 Zones of Protection

68 Differential Relays

69 C.T. Curves

70 Transformer Protection

71 One-line Diagram

72 Specific Applications

73 Capacitor Protection GE % Probability Case Rupture kvar Units 15 T -Total Clear Time In Seconds T -Minimum Melt Current in Amperes,000

74 Parallel Capacitors GE % Probability Case Rupture kvar Units 15 T -Total Clear Time In Seconds 1 25 T -Total Clear.1 15 T -Minimum Melt 25 T -Minimum Melt Current in Amperes,000

75 Capacitor with C.L. Fuse GE % Probability Case Rupture kvar Units 25 T -Total Clear Time In Seconds 1 25 T -Minimum Melt 25K NX Companion Fuses -Total Clear.1 25K NX Companion Fuses -Minimum Melt Current in Amperes,000

76 Current Limiting Fuses Partial range C.L. fuses Pad/Pole Transformer Overhead capacitors Underground applications Power quality Hard to coordinate areas

77 Step Down Transformer Protection

78

79 Automatic Loop Restoration - 5 Reclosers Substation miles 3.3 miles 3.3 miles Substation 2 R N.C. Recloser R N.C. Recloser R N.O. Recloser R N.C. Recloser R N.C. Recloser N.C. - Normally-Closed N.O. - Normally-Open

80 Loop Coordination Loss of V By # of recloses & loss of V Normal O.C. & comm. Current diff & comm.

81 Control Logic

82 Questions & comments

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