Automatic Transmissions & Transaxles

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1 ATASA 5 th Study Guide Chapter 40 Pages Automatic Transmissions /Transaxles 107 Points Be Certain to Read the Summary

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4 1. Automatic transmissions are operated by hydraulics as well as electronics to select according to engine speed, powertrain load, vehicle speed, and other factors. Hydraulic Diagrams Electronic Schematics Gear Ratios

5 2. The number of forward gears offered in current vehicle ranges from to and there are also continuously variable designs (CVT) with no fixed ratio. All offer at least one overdrive ratio for mpg. 1 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 8

6 3. The is a one piece, welded unit, fluid coupling between the engine & trans that multiplies the twisting motion of the crankshaft & passes it through to the transmission. Torque Converter Planetary Gearset Valve Body

7 4. The T/C is connected to the crankshaft flange through a metal that holds the starter ring gear. A flywheel is not needed because the T/C has enough mass to provide inertia. Flex Plate Hex Wrench Flex Saucer

8 5. A standard torque converter consists of 3 basic parts:,, &. Impeller, Stator, & Turbine

9 6. The impeller is the input or member of the T/C and it always spins at engine rpm. (T/C pump) Drive Driven Neutral

10 7. The turbine is the output or member of the T/C and is splined to the trans input shaft. Drive Driven Neutral

11 8. The stator is the member or torque multiplier of the T/C & operates on a 1 way clutch. Reaction Drive Driven

12 9. The torque converter is often used to drive the front pump of the transmission. Hub Stub Grub

13 10. There is no direct connection between the impeller & turbine & they never achieve the same speed. They only come close during the coupling point at highest rotary flow. Hydraulic Mechanical Electrical

14 11. flow is ATF flow around the circumference of the T/C. flow is ATF flow occurring from the impeller to the turbine & back to the impeller. (draw a vortex here) Rotary Flow is Useless Vortex Flow Does the Work in a T/C

15 12. Highest vortex flow takes place at the highest multiplication, when the speed difference between the impeller & turbine is the greatest. Highest rotary flow is at the coupling stage. Speed Torque Gear

16 12. Highest vortex flow takes place at the highest multiplication, when the speed difference between the impeller & turbine is the greatest. Highest rotary flow is at the coupling stage. Speed Torque Gear

17 13. The contains a one way clutch that is splined to the stator support on the front pump. Stator Turbine Rotor

18 14. The sprag or roller clutch in the stator is generally known as an clutch. Undermining Overrunning Over revving

19 Sprag Style Roller Style These are One Way or Overrunning Clutches

20 15. As a vehicle begins to move, the stator 1 way clutch is. If it were not locked, the vehicle would have a severe loss of power. So a T/C can be the cause of doggy acceleration. Locked Free wheeling Overrunning

21 16. The stator one way roller or sprag clutch when the impeller & turbine reach the coupling (nearly the same speed) stage. Locks Freewheels or Overrunning Comes Unglued

22 17. A stator roller clutch that is at all times (couldn t freewheel) would limit top end. Locked Overrunning Free wheeling

23 18. A torque converter eliminates the 10% slippage between impeller & coupling. Lock up Back up Mock up

24 19. ATF to apply the lockup clutch piston in the T/C is fed through a hollow (input) shaft. Turbine Stator Impeller

25 20. The controls T/C lockup clutch (TCC) operation by switching solenoids that control ATF flow. PCM PCM BCM SRS

26 21. A gearset has a sun gear, a carrier with planetary pinions & an internal ring gear. Planetary Universal Global

27 Howstuffworks "How Gears Work"

28 22. The gear is located in the center of the planetary gearset. It can be either spur or helical. Sun Ring Pinion

29 23. Planetary gears rotate on needle bearings & are held in a framework. Pinions are held in a Carrier

30 The easiest way to remember which mode a planetary gearset is in is to look at the planetary carrier. Carrier drives = overdrive Carrier driven = reduction Carrier held = reverse Two members held = direct drive Nothing driven or held = neutral Parking Pawl engaged to the output shaft = park

31 24. The or internal ring gear surrounds the whole gearset adding strength to it. Sun Annulus Pinion

32 25. Power through a planetary gearset depends on which members are held, driven, or at rest. The best advice to remembering this is to keep you eye on the planetary carrier. Carrier Driven: Reduction Carrier Drives: Overdrive Carrier Held: Reverse 2 Members Locked: Direct Nothing Held: Neutral Pawl Engaged: Park Transfer or Power Flow

33 Carrier Driven: Reduction Carrier Drives: Overdrive Carrier Held: Reverse 2 Members Locked: Direct Nothing Held: Neutral Pawl Engaged: Park Ring Pinions Sun Band Clutch Drum Input Drives, Held or Driven? Plates Plates

34 26. If the carrier is driven, (output) the result is a in speed & a gain in torque. Carrier Driven: Reduction Carrier Drives: Overdrive Carrier Held: Reverse 2 Members Locked: Direct Nothing Held: Neutral Pawl Engaged: Park Reduction Direct Overdrive

35 Carrier Driven = Reduction

36 27. If the carrier drives, (input) the result is an in speed & a loss of torque. Carrier Driven: Reduction Carrier Drives: Overdrive Carrier Held: Reverse 2 Members Locked: Direct Nothing Held: Neutral Pawl Engaged: Park Reduction Direct Overdrive

37 28. If the carrier is held, the result is. Carrier Driven: Reduction Carrier Drives: Overdrive Carrier Held: Reverse 2 Members Locked: Direct Nothing Held: Neutral Pawl Engaged: Park Reduction Reverse Overdrive

38 29. If two members of the planetary gearset are locked or held together a 1:1 drive results. Carrier Driven: Reduction Carrier Drives: Overdrive Carrier Held: Reverse 2 Members Locked: Direct Nothing Held: Neutral Pawl Engaged: Park Reduction Direct Overdrive

39 30. When no member of the planetary gearset is held, a condition exists. Carrier Driven: Reduction Carrier Drives: Overdrive Carrier Held: Reverse 2 Members Locked: Direct Nothing Held: Neutral Pawl Engaged: Park Reduction Neutral Overdrive

40 31. A planetary gearset is simply two planetary gearsets connected together.behind each other Compound Simpson Ravigneaux

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42 32. A compound planetary gearset shares a common sun gear between the front & rear or input & reaction gearsets. The most commonly used compound planetary gearset. Compound Simpson Ravigneaux

43 33. A compound planetary gearset shares a common ring gear between the front & rear or input & reaction gearsets. 3 long pinions & 3 short pinions are used in the carrier. Compound Simpson Ravigneaux

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45 34. planetary gearsets are those located in series, but not sharing a component like the Simpson & the Ravigneaux do. (front carrier locked to rear ring & front ring locked to rear carrier) Tandem Simpson Ravigneaux

46 35. The system connects a simple planetary set to a Ravigneaux set to achieve 6, 7, or 8 forward speeds. Electronic controls have made this intense design practical for use. Lepelletier Simpson McPherson

47 36. Honda has a based transaxle that is automatically shifted with gears as in a manual transaxle, but they are electro hydraulically put into action. Non Planetary Simpson McPherson

48 37. The CVT or has no fixed forward speeds and relies on a steel belt that changes effective diameter to achieve variable drive ratios. Continuously Variable Transmission

49 38. The Nissan CVT is a design based on discs & rollers. Extroid Simpson McPherson

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51 39. vehicles use planetary gear based CVTs.

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54 40. Transmissions use &, wet, multi disc and one way sprag or roller clutches to hold planetary gearset members and achieve their gear ratios. Bands & Servos Clutches

55 41. A band (also called brake band) can wrap around the outside diameter of clutch drums to it from rotating in either direction. Bands apply with hydraulic servo pressure & lock to the case. Hold Prevent Stop

56 42. Bands may be or flexible and may also be either or double wrap types. Bridged Frigid Rigid Single Quadruple Twin

57 43. ATF fluid pressure is used to a servo. With pressure released, springs un apply servos. Apply Prevent Release

58 44. A servo that uses fluid pressure to both apply & un apply it is called a servo. Compound Planetary Extroid

59 45. Overrunning (one way) clutches have the advantage of engagement. Instantaneous Long Term Short Term

60 46. Multiple disc clutch plates are applied by fluid pressure acting on clutch. These clutch plates are released or unapplied by pressure when fluid pressure is released. Pistons Cams Rods Spring Fall Winter

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62 47. A clutch pack consists of clutch plates or discs that are externally splined, plates which are lined on both surfaces & internally splined, and a very thick, top pressure plate. Hard, Soft Steel, Friction Lead, Tin

63 48. Clutch plates must be perfectly. Friction plates are lined w/ paper fibers, graphite & ceramics. Concave Flat Convex

64 49. bearings, thrust washers made of synthetic materials, and steel thrust washers coated with low friction materials are used to control axial play inside of automatic transmissions. Torrington Bearings are Axial Thrust, Anti Friction Bearings

65 50. Many different types & sizes of are used to hold assemblies together. Earrings Snap Rings Bull Rings

66 51. gaskets are used to direct fluid flow or seal off passages. They never get sealer on them! Hard Medium Soft

67 52. gaskets are used on irregular surfaces like the oil pan. Sealer is occasionally used on them. Hard Medium Soft

68 53. A seal is used between two non moving parts. A seal is used between two parts that move in relation to each other. Static = Still Dynamic = Moving

69 54. A seal is designed to prevent all fluid leakage between parts. A non positive seal is designed to allow a controlled amount of leakage, typically to allow lubrication. Positive Average Negative

70 55. 3 major types of rubber seals used are, seals, & seals O Ring, Lip Seal, Square Cut Seal

71 56. 3 types of metal seals used are end, end, and end seals. Butt End, Open End, & Hook End

72 57. One piece seals need special installation tools but scarf cut seals can easily be replaced. Teflon Rayon Nylon

73 58. The last set of gears in a drive train is called the. Transaxles have the final drive gears (differential) located inside the case. Input Drive Middle Drive Final Drive

74 59. Pascsal s basic law of hydraulics states that exerted on a confined liquid is transmitted undiminished and equally in all directions with equal force on all areas. F = P x A Force Pressure Area

75 60. Since fluids cannot be, they work well to increase force when conducting fluid pressure through a circuit operating a piston with a larger surface area from one with a smaller area. Compressed Ignited Depressed

76 61. The ATF circulating in the transmission the parts, lubricates parts, cleans parts and flows under pressure through passages causing valve movement, and the application of clutches & servos. Cools

77 62. The main ATF reservoir is the. Fluid level is typically checked with a. Pan, Dipstick Radiator, Dipstick Trunk, Dipstick

78 63. All fluid reservoirs must have an air to allow atmospheric pressure to act on the fluid. Bleed Vent Container

79 64. Excessive heat (above 175 F) causes ATF to break down so are essential components. Coolers Extroids Heaters

80 65. The is responsible for control & distribution of pressurized fluid. Valve Body Student Body Worm Passage

81 67. ATF flows through precisely machined and fluid passages (worm passages) in the cast iron or aluminum valve bodies. Chores Bores Lores

82 68. plates & transfer plates between the valve body & case with seal off passages. Separator Evaluator Detonator

83 69. Check ball valves, poppet & spool valves are used to,, direct & regulate fluid flow. Start, Stop Stop, Yield Start, Accelerate

84 70. Each spool valve has a valley that forms a fluid pressure chamber, used to cover or uncover fluid flow ports, and a reaction area on which fluid & spring pressure acts. Lands Soils Sands

85 71. The pressure source in the transmission is the oil while the contains the control valving to regulate & direct the pressure & flow of fluid to servos & clutches. Pump Valve Body

86 72. Pump pressure (called main line pressure) is a variable depending upon engine and the operation of a main pressure regulator valve. Speed Acceleration Deceleration

87 73. 3 basic pump designs in use are the,, and types. Gear Pumps, Rotor Pumps, Vane Pumps

88 74. A pressure valve maintains proper fluid pressure in the transmission. Balance Regulator Relief

89 75. Many transmissions now have pressure control solenoids to regulate pressure. (EPC)

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93 76. The is an output shaft mounted, speed sensitive device that develops a pressure that gets directed against a shift valve to demand an upshift. Governor Modulator Throttle

94 77. Both the vacuum & the valve are load sensitive devices used to increase main line so that clutches & bands can be held tighter while demanding uphift. Vacuum Modulator & Throttle Valve

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96 78. The valve is the only spool valve that gets controlled directly by the driver through the gear selector linkage. PRNDL Manual Governor Modulator

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98 79. It can be said that the demands downshifts & allows upshifts. (based on load MAP) Modulator Governor Kickdown Main Line Pressure vs. Governor Pressure vs. Modulator Pressure

99 80. It can be said that the demands upshifts & allows downshifts. (based on speed VSS input) Modulator Governor Kickdown

100 81. A circuit provides a downshift (lower gear) when the driver requires more power. Modulator Governor Kickdown

101 82. Shift feel is controlled by the at which each reaction member is applied or released, the at which each is pressurized or exhausted, & the of the apply & release. Pressure, Rate, Timing

102 83. slow down application rates without decreasing the holding force of the device. Accumulators Modulators Spools

103 84. Some transmissions use restrictive instead of accumulators in line to a servo or clutch piston to allow for gradual increase of fluid flow and smooth engagement of a band or clutch. Orifices are in the separator plate

104 85. Shift, different than shift feel, is determined by throttle & governor pressures acting on shift valves. Timing Reaction Valves

105 86. Shift can be used to time the shifts and to also provide shift feel through pulse width modulation of fluid into controlling members. Solenoids Relays Breakers

106 87. Hydraulic circuit and clutch & band application charts are used to diagnose improper operation prior to service. Venn Diagrams Flow Charts Art Work

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112 The easiest way to remember which mode a planetary gearset is in is to look at the planetary carrier. Carrier drives = overdrive Carrier driven = reduction Carrier held = reverse Two members held = direct drive Nothing driven or held = neutral Parking Pawl engaged to the output shaft = park

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