GLOSSARY. Block. Cylinders

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "GLOSSARY. Block. Cylinders"

Philippa Blair
6 years ago
Views:

1 Engine The power source for any farm tractor is the engine. The engine provides the muscle for the power train and the hydraulic system. The typical modern farm tractor has a diesel engine ranging from three to six cylinders. There are several systems and components that work together making the engine run smoothly and efficiently. 1

Block The block is the machined casting containing bored holes

It is the foundation of the engine providing support for the

Cylinders The cylinder is the space in which a piston travels.

2 Block The block is the machined casting containing bored holes for the pistons. It is the foundation of the engine providing support for the engine components and holding them in their proper place. Cylinders The cylinder is the space in which a piston travels. A piston sits inside each cylinder and piston rings fit around the piston to seal it. Cylinder Head Sits on top of the cylinders and contains the combustion chamber and valves. The head is completely sealed to the block to prevent any leakage of combustion gases. 2

Pistons The piston is located within the

expanding gases to the connecting rod and

Piston Rings Piston rings are split rings

They seal the compression chamber from the

3 Pistons The piston is located within the cylinder; it transfers force from the expanding gases to the connecting rod and crankshaft. Piston Rings Piston rings are split rings that are installed in grooves on the piston. They seal the compression chamber from the crankcase. Connecting Rods The connecting rods are the link between the piston and crankshaft. 3

Crankshaft The crankshaft converts linear

Flywheel The flywheel is attached to one end

that is used to smooth out the power impulses

Main Bearings Bearings are used to reduce

4 Crankshaft The crankshaft converts linear motion of the pistons to a rotary motion. Flywheel The flywheel is attached to one end of the crankshaft, and stores kinetic energy that is used to smooth out the power impulses of the pistons. Main Bearings Bearings are used to reduce friction and wear. The main bearings support the crankshaft, keeping it in position. 4

5 Camshaft Controls opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves. 5

6 Fuel System Fuel Tank The fuel tank stores fuel. Fuel Pump The fuel pump moves the fuel from the tank to the injection pump. Fuel Filters The fuel filter or filters clean the fuel before it enters the fuel injection system. 6

7 Injection Pump The injection pump times, measures and delivers the fuel to the injector. Fuel Injector The injector and injector nozzle spray the fuel into the cylinders. 7

8 Intake System Provides clean air to the engine for combustion. Air Cleaners (Filters) Filters dust and debris from the air before it enters the engine. Turbocharger Forces air into the engine cylinders to provide more power. Turbochargers are driven from the hot high pressure exhaust gasses. 8

chamber. They are normally opened and closed by the camshaft.

9 Intake Manifold Transports the air to the cylinders. Intake Valves Allow air to pass from the intake manifold in to the combustion chamber. They are normally opened and closed by the camshaft. Intercooler (after cooler) A heat exchanger that cools incoming air between stages of compression. They can be air or water cooled. 9

10 Engine Lubricating System Reduces friction, keeps the engine cool, and keeps the engine parts clean. Reservoir (sump) Stores the excess oil. Oil Pump Pushes the oil from the reservoir throughout the system. Oil Filter Cleans the oil before it reaches the engine parts. 10

11 Exhaust System The exhaust systems collects and dispenses the exhaust gasses. Exhaust Valves Driven by the camshaft, these valves open to release the burned gases from the combustion chamber into the exhaust manifold. Exhaust Manifold The manifold gathers the exhaust gases and carries them away from the cylinders. Muffler/Exhaust The muffler reduces the sounds of the engine and the stack transfers the exhaust away from the tractor. 11

12 Cooling System Regulates the engine temperature, preventing it from overheating when it is hot and from freezing up when it is cold. Radiator Holds coolant and serves as a heat exchanger for the engine. Fan Circulates air for cooling. 12

13 Water Pump Circulates the coolant throughout the system. Thermostat Monitors the temperature of the coolant. If it is cool, it will circulate within the engine. If it is hot, it goes out to the radiator to cool down. 13

14 Electrical System Battery Supplies the energy for the electrical circuit. Alternator Charges the battery. Starter The starter switch activates the motor switch, triggering the starting motor that drives the flywheel, cranking the engine. 14

15 Power Train The power train, sometimes referred to as the drive train, transfers power from the engine to the drive wheels and Power Take Off (PTO). The main functions of the power train are engaging and disengaging power, selecting speed ratios, allowing directional changes, balancing power to drive wheels for turning and providing power for the PTO. The main components of the power train are the engine, clutch, transmission, differential and final drives. 15

16 Clutch Provides the ability to start and stop the flow of power from the engine to the transmission. The clutch can be mechanically or hydraulically controlled. Wet Clutch Clutch operates in an oil bath or spray that cools the clutch. The advantages of a wet clutch include reduced wear and cooler operation. Dry Clutch Clutch operates dry and is cooled by air. 16

Transmission The transmission is a system of gears that determines the

Gear A gear, or manual transmission, is a more traditional

Hydrostatic A hydraulically driven transmission offers variable speeds

CVT The Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) is hydraulically and

17 Transmission The transmission is a system of gears that determines the speed and direction of the tractor. Gear A gear, or manual transmission, is a more traditional transmission that requires mechanical engagement. Hydrostatic A hydraulically driven transmission offers variable speeds with the use of a foot pedal. CVT The Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) is hydraulically and mechanically driven. AGCO s CVT provides infinite speed control from zero to top speed without shifting, while maintaining the most efficient engine speed for the task at hand. 17

Synchronized Transmission A synchronized transmission allows the

Non-Synchronized Transmission If a transmission is not synchronized,

An example of a non-synchronized transmission would be the 8x2

With this transmission the operator should stop to change ranges or

Partially Synchronized Transmission Some transmissions can be

If that is the case, there are certain gears or ranges which can shift

18 Synchronized Transmission A synchronized transmission allows the operator to shift on the move without the gears clashing. Non-Synchronized Transmission If a transmission is not synchronized, the operator should stop the tractor to shift. An example of a non-synchronized transmission would be the 8x2 constant mesh transmission. With this transmission the operator should stop to change ranges or gears. Partially Synchronized Transmission Some transmissions can be partially synchronized. If that is the case, there are certain gears or ranges which can shift on the move. and others that they should not. An example would be a 12x4 constant mesh transmission. In this example, 2nd and 3rd gear are synchronized and 1st and reverse are not. The high and low ranges are not synchronized but the range splitter (tortoise/rabbit) is synchronized. 18

Differential Lock Locks up the differential, giving equal amounts of power to the wheels so they turn at the same

19 Differential The differential delivers power from the transmission to the drive axles and allows the drive wheels to rotate at different speeds while maintaining the ability to carry a load. Differential Lock Locks up the differential, giving equal amounts of power to the wheels so they turn at the same speed. When in slick conditions, the lock can be engaged on the go to give more traction. The differential lock can be engaged mechanically or hydraulically. 19

20 Final Drive The final drives provide the final reduction of speed and an increase in torque to the drive wheels. Inboard Planetary Final Drive Planetary gear set is located next to the differential. Outboard Planetary Final Drive Planetary gear is located at the outer ends of the of the final drives. 20

Power Front Axle (PFA) Also known as Mechanical Front Wheel Drive (MFWD), Front Wheel Assist (FWA), or many times as 4WD.

21 Frames and Axles 2WD Front Axle There are only two wheels that act as drive wheels, usually the rear wheels. Many 2wd front axles have adjustable tread settings to make the tractor useful in several different applications. Power Front Axle (PFA) Also known as Mechanical Front Wheel Drive (MFWD), Front Wheel Assist (FWA), or many times as 4WD. The rear wheels are the main drive wheels, but the front wheels can be engaged to assist in providing further traction. Suspended Front Axle Allows both front wheels to stay on the ground when in rough terrain, providing better traction, easier steering, and preventing wheel slippage and power hopping. 21

22 Flange Axle The wheel is bolted directly to the axle. Bar Axle The wheel is tightened down to the bar of the axle and allows space for duals. 22

GLOSSARY 3 PT/PTO/Drawbar Three Point Hitch The three

links that are controlled by the tractor s hydraulic

When implements are attached to the hitch, they can be

Stabilizers Allow the operator to adjust the lower

attached has correct lateral side to side movement.

23 GLOSSARY 3 PT/PTO/Drawbar Three Point Hitch The three point hitch is comprised of a top link and two lower links that are controlled by the tractor s hydraulic system. When implements are attached to the hitch, they can be raised and lowered with precise control. Stabilizers Allow the operator to adjust the lower links so that the links themselves, or the implement attached has correct lateral side to side movement. Adjustable Lift Arms Allow the operator to adjust the height of the lower links to control working depth of mounted implements. 23

Extendable (Telescopic) Lower Links Allows the operator to

It is then locked back into place for operation.

hooking up three point mounted implements easier.

24 Extendable (Telescopic) Lower Links Allows the operator to extend the lower link end to make attaching the implement easier. It is then locked back into place for operation. Quick Hitch Some tractors have quick hitches available to make hooking up three point mounted implements easier. Front Three Point Linkage Some three point implements can be mounted to the front of the tractor. 24

PTO The power take off provides power to implements, such as balers, mowers and augers. They are generally gear driven from the transmission by a PTO output shaft.

A transmission driven PTO only operates when the engine clutch is engaged, so if the tractor stops, the PTO will stop. A tractor with a live PTO has a dual stage clutch.

25 PTO The power take off provides power to implements, such as balers, mowers and augers. They are generally gear driven from the transmission by a PTO output shaft. There are three main types of PTO s; transmission (gear) driven, live or continuous running, and independent. A transmission driven PTO only operates when the engine clutch is engaged, so if the tractor stops, the PTO will stop. A tractor with a live PTO has a dual stage clutch. When the clutch is completely engaged the tractor and PTO are both stopped. When the clutch is released half way, only the PTO will start to run. When the clutch is completely engaged the tractor and PTO will be in motion. An independent PTO has a clutch that is separate from the engine and transmission clutch, allowing the PTO to be engaged on the go. There are two types of PTO output shafts that are designated by ASABE standards, 540 RPM and 1,000 RPM. 540 RPM Shaft The 540 RPM shaft has six splines and is usually found in smaller tractors RPM Shaft The 1,000 RPM shaft has twenty or twenty one splines and is usually offered in larger tractors. Sometimes the option of both the 540 and 1000 RPM PTO are offered in large tractors. Economy PTO Can be used when running a PTO implement that does not require maximum horsepower. When the economy PTO is used the engine can run at a lower speed, saving fuel. 25

26 Drawbar The drawbar is used to attach implements and wagons to the tractor. Swinging Drawbar A swinging drawbar moves laterally with pull type implements, making it easier to steer with large implements. 26

27 Hydraulics Open Center Hydraulics In an open center hydraulic system, the pump runs continuously, providing a continuous flow of oil. While there is a consistent flow, there can be constant pressures when oil has to be delivered to multiple valves. The diagram below shows a very basic open center system with only one valve. But there are variations to the open center system that allow more then one valve to work at the same time, such as flow dividing and series connections. The open center system is common in smaller tractors that have lower hydraulic requirements and is often an economical option in mid-range tractors as well. 27

28 Closed Center Hydraulics A closed center system offers variable flow, but variable pressure. The pump has the ability to stop and start the oil flow as needed, allowing the system to run cooler and use less engine horsepower. The diagram below shows only one spool valve, but closed center systems are often used for applications where multiple hydraulic functions may need to be used at the same time. Closed center hydraulic systems are common in the larger tractors because of their versatility and responsiveness. 28

Hydraulic Valves Many manufacturers use abbreviations for the different types of valves that are available on the tractors. The chart below shows the abbreviations, the type of valve and the function.

29 Hydraulic Valves Many manufacturers use abbreviations for the different types of valves that are available on the tractors. The chart below shows the abbreviations, the type of valve and the function. DA Double Acting Double Acting valves allow for both a raise and lower action. SRN Spring Return to Neutral Spring return to neutral, when the operator releases the control lever, the valve spool returns to the neutral position. FD Flow Dividing Flow dividing valves control the volume of flow and divide it between two or more circuits. LS Load Sensing Load sensing is available in closed center systems. It senses the amount of flow that is needed and the pump supplies only that amount. KO Kick Out Kick out valves stay in an open position until it reaches a maximum pressure, and is then kicked out to the neutral position. FL Float Float valves allow for zero pressure on the cylinders so they have the freedom to move up and down freely. A common application for this is with a planter, so it can move along the contours of the ground. NF Notch Float Notch float is a detent that allows the lever to be held in float position. ZL Zero Leak Zero Leak valves have internal check balls to prevent oil leaking back to the hydraulic sump causing implements to lower. Remote/Auxiliary Valves Allow hydraulically driven implements to be run off the tractor s hydraulic system. They are also used to raise and lower implements. 29

Wheels and Tires Manual Adjustable Steel Adjustable wheels

30 Wheels and Tires Manual Adjustable Steel Adjustable wheels allow for multiple tread settings, making them useful for many applications. Pressed Steel Dual Wheel A strong non-adjustable wheel, often used with heavier tractors. Pressed Steel Inner Wheel The pressed steel inner wheel is a solid wheel that stays in a fixed position between the rim and wheel. 30

Cast Center Cast centers are very strong and add weight to the

PAVT (Power Adjustable Variable Track) Allow quick adjustment

31 Cast Center Cast centers are very strong and add weight to the rear end of the tractor. PAVT (Power Adjustable Variable Track) Allow quick adjustment of the wheels by simply loosening the bolts and adjusting them along the tracks. Waffle Waffle wheels allow different tread settings, but are stronger then an adjustable steel wheel because of the increased clamping surface. 31

Tires R1 (Ag) R1 tires are best suited for applications in which

R4 (Industrial) R4 tires are a versatile tire.

them great for lawn and grounds care applications.

32 Tires R1 (Ag) R1 tires are best suited for applications in which a lot of traction is needed. R4 (Industrial) R4 tires are a versatile tire. They offer strength and durability, while causing minimal ground disturbance. R3 (Turf) R3 tires cause very little ground disturbance, making them great for lawn and grounds care applications. LSW (Low Side Wall) Turf LSW tires are primarily used for turf and golf course applications. The tires are extra wide and have shallow lugs, so there is virtually no ground disturbance. 32

M108S Engine. CRS (Common Rail System) Cooled ERG System

M108S Engine. CRS (Common Rail System) Cooled ERG System 4-cylinder Kubota Diesel Engine (V3800) The M108S is built with the power and durability to take on even the most heavy-duty tasks. This is due to its 4-valve, Electronic Center Direct Injection System