Electrostatics, Magnetism, Electrochemistry

Transcription

1 Electrostatics, Magnetism, Electrochemistry Electron load 116 ELectromagnetism 117 Transformer training kit 120 Electrochemistry 124 Magnet & compass 127 Electrostatics

2 Electron load > Experiment of Millikan The apparatus enables to repeat, in a simplified way, the experiment of Millikan on the determination of the electron load. Oil droplets, produced by vaporiser & electrally loaded by friction, are introduced in one steady electrical field. When observing the the droplet, the field value is adjusted in order to balance exactly its action on the load & its weight. Then, the droplet is perfectly still. When the electric field is suppressed, the droplet falls down & reaches rapidly its falling speed limit in the air. Knowing the speed enables to calculate the droplet weight. The force carried on the droplet, for known value of the field, is therefore determined. The force is proportional to its load. When repeating several times the experiment, we can see that electric loads do not vary continuously, but by multiple of e which is near to 1,6 x Coulombs. The apparatus includes, fitted on the same stand: One plane condenser, One display microscope, One vaporiser, One lighting system. The assembly is fitted on an adjustable high stand. Weight : 4,7 kg. Ref. PSD > Generator for Millikan experiment Control desk (Mains power: 220 V) for Millikan experiment, with all necessary functions for carrying out all measurements: Voltage generator (0 to 600 V) for the condenser (voltage digital display). Built-in digital timer (falling time measurement). Lighting power (6 V-2,5 Amp. DIN plug). Ref. PSD Tel (0)

3 > Helmholtz coil on stand > Digital teslameter Electromagnetism This instrument enables the accurate measurement of continuous or alternative magnetic fields & the display of magnetic field vector on oscilloscope. Liquid crystal display (2000 points) with field direction indication ( + or - sign). One inverter enables the selection of Bx or By component. Both components of the the magnetic field vector are available through Ø 4 mm safety sockets located on the front panel. The instrument has one selection button (ranges: 1 & 0.1) on each channel. Teslameter Ref. PAM Biaxial probe: +/-100mT Ref. PAM Training accessory for digital Teslameter (Ref. PAM ). Study of flat coils, coupling of two coils, influence of the gap between the coils Two flat coils with variable gap are fitted on one common stand (dimension: 400 x 200mm). One coil is fixed, the other coil can be moved. The gap between the coils can be measured on graduated scale (250mm long). MAGNETISM, ELECTROCHEMISTRY Coil characteristics : Enamelled wire Ø 13/ turns on 4 layers Wiring average diameter : 125 mm Coil width: 34 mm Output on Ø 4 mm safety socket with polarity in dication - Maximum current: 5 Amp. Ref. PAM > Solenoid, diameter : 50 mm This device enables the study of magnetic induction and the field variation according to the current & the number of turns. Dual wiring on 400mm of insulated wire (2 x 200 turns), with Ø 4 mm sockets at 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70 et 100 turns on both sides of the middle. Maximum use conditions : 6 V - 7 Amp. Ref. PAM

4 Electromagnetism >Wimshurst Apparatus The most famous of electrostatic instruments. Diameter of the disks: 34 cm. This apparatus enables the carrying out of various experiments such as: study & properties of electric sparks - physiological effects of electric sparks - heat effect of electric sparks - ionizing effect of the flame - load spreading on a conducting surface - needles properties - electric field strength lines. Description : two circular plates rotating vertically in opposite directions. Each one wearing metal sectors, which four dual-crossed brushes are scrapping on. Also crossing the disks, two combs recover the electric loads, that are transmitted to spark gaps, either directly or by the intermediary of two capacitors. This experiment can be carried out by the mean of one switch. Distance between the spark gaps can be adjusted, enabling the generation, in dry atmosphere, beautiful electric sparks, 10cm long! When rotating insulated wheel crank, both plates rotate. The apparatus is fastened on a stang, insuring good stability. Technical characteristics : dimension of the disks : Ø 340 mm. Dimension of the stand: 550 x 250 mm. Gross dimensions: 550 x 460 x 255 mm. Weight : 6,5 kg. Provided with Training Manual. Ref. PAM > Accurate electromagnetic balance Cotton-type balance for the measurement of magnetic induction & currents through the Laplace s Law. The Plexiglass beam is monted on a steel knife edge. Also equipped of oil shock absorber. Sensitivity can be adjusted by sliding weight. Measurement is carried out with marked weights (< 100 mg) or small chain, with direct reading on gradued disk (mg.). The assembly is fitted on one stand with keying screws & spirit level. Balance sensitivity : 1 mg Length of the current element : 20 mm Maximum intensity : 10 Amp. Dimension : 450 x 180 x 380 mm Weight : 3 kg Ref. PED Fax + 33 (0)

5 > Simplified cotton balance The asymmetric beam is constituted of dual side printed circuit board with gilt protection. The other side is a straight beam with balancing weight, wearing the pan, which the marked weights are put on. This beam is pivoting on points, that are also used for the current crossing. In order to facilitate the adjustment, the beam assembly can be moved along the bracket. the height of the active strand varies between 180 & 270 mm of the working plane. Balance sensitivity: 5 mg Length of the current element : 29 mm Average permanent intensit: 7 Amp. Dimension : 320 x 155 x 400 mm Weight : 1,4 kg Ref. PED > HP electromagnetic balance Electromagnetism Principle: The HP balance enables the study of the influence of a magnet upon a currentcrossed conductor. Checking of formula F=ki (the force exerted on the coil and therefore, on the loud - speaker membrane, is proportional to the current). Characteristics : The apparatus is constituted of a loud-speaker with two 60 W coils. Coil impedance: 8 ohms. Each coil is fuse-protected (1Amp.). Equipped of safety sockets. A plate, interdependent of the loud-speaker membrane, can receive marked weights. A motion sensor, 0.01mm sensitivity, is fitted over the plate. For carrying out experiments, the initial position is marked out by a mobile pointer (see dial), then the plate is progressively loaded: for each load, the coil crossing current necessary to make the plate coming back to the initial position, is recorded. Dimension : About 160 x 200 x 180 mm (L x H x W). Ref. PAM > Rotating coil Generation of one electromagnetic force through one coil rotating inside magnetic field. The coil armature contains 2000 turns of copper wire (Ø 0,45 mm R=60). It is fastened on one rotatingf shaft / crank system. Coil outputs are connected to two copper rings, which brushes are skimming onto, ensuring the electric continuity up to 2 sockets.. When rotating the coil in front of a magnetized bar, an alternative electromotive force is generated. This is underscored in connecting a median zero micro ammeter to the circuit. RØf. PED

6 LECTROSTATICS, Transformer training kit > Transformer training kit This kit includes one oriented-molecules magnetic circuit & one set of various coils & accessories. It enables the experimental study of transformers. All coils are equipped of Ø 4 mm safety sockets & plastic insulating covers for avoiding any access to the wiring. 1 magnetic circuit PED page x 250 turns coils PED page pair of poles PED page x 5 turns coil with welding device PAM page soft iron component PED page x 500 turns coils PED page tempered steel component PED page x 1000 turns coil PED page x 135 turns low voltage coil PED page hollow coil PAM page 123 Ref. PED > Single phase magnetic circuit Single phase magnetic circuit, constituted of high permeability sheet metal, section: 43 x 43 mm. It is made of a U -shaped part & a removable part that shuts the circuit (locking device using 2 stirrups with screws). The rectified contact areas reduce losses at the maximum. Power: about 200 W Height : 190 mm - Width : 150 mm Weight : 7,5 kg Ref. PED Tel (0)

7 > interchangeable coils Transformer in Kit version Coils equipped of safety sockets & fully protected coil (electrical safety device). PED PED PED PED PED PED > Pairs of poles Nber of turns Wire diam. (mm) / / / / / /10 Laminated sheet metal poles, square section on one side, prismatic truncatedshaped section on the other side, in order to concentrate the field. The poles are fitted by stirrups on circuit PED Side graduation for symmetrical assembly. Dimension : 95 x 43 x 43 mm Weight : 2.5 kg Nber of plugs Average R (ohm) Self Ind. Max. Cur. 0,6 5 mh 12 A 2,8 18 mh 4,5 A 8,7 45 mh 2,5 A mh 1,5 A H 0,6 A 20 A Ref. PED > Soft iron/ tempered steel components Enabling the construction of a straight electromagnet. Provided with insulating wedges for coil adaptation. The soft iron component has a D mark. The tempered steel component has a T mark. Dimension : 150 x 24 x 24 mm. Weight : 850 g Soft iron Ref. PED Tempered steel Ref. PED Set of wedges Ref. PED

8 Electromagnetism > Field action on current The apparatus shows the motion of a conductor through magnetic field. A rigid pendulum is located inside a magnet air-gap, which free end skims against a brush. Chromium-plated brass bracket. Dimension : 150 x 100 x 210 mm Weight : 0.6 kg Ref. PED > Rails for Laplace s Law Motion of a conductor crossed by a current inside magnetic field. Current generation inside a conductor moving along non-uniform magnetic field. It is constituted of of two cvonducting rails fitted between two plates & one brass mobile conductor. It must be completed by one or two U -shaped magnets. The apparatus can be displayed with a light source. Requested current: 2 / 3 Amp. Ref. PED > Barlow s wheel The electromagnetic force, generated by the action of a permanent magnet on the current crossing radially the wheel, starts up the wheel rotation. PVC stand. The current crossing is ensured by one soft brushes system. Ferrite strong magnet. Red copper disk, Ø : 155 mm Dimension : 21 x 210 x 180 mm Weight: 0.9 kg Ref. PED > Electromagnetism law Joined together into the same apparatus: One Barlow s wheel. One Laplace s rail. Field action on a current. Ref. PED Fax + 33 (0)

9 > Straight component Laminated sheet metal. Core shaped, to be used with coils. This core has, at one end, one slot for enabling the Frager turn adaptation. Dimension : 150 x 45 x 45 mm Weight : 2.2 kg Ref. PED > Eddy current kit Transformer assembling unit This accessory underscores the braking generated by the inducted Eddy current. The kit includes : one aluminium pendulum: x 70 mm - (with slots), one aluminium solid disk, Ø 106 mm, & one fastening device for the magnetic circuit. Ref. PAM > 5 turns coil Study of spot welding : 5 turns copper wire coil with pliers to be used with magnetic circuit & 1000 or 500 turns coil. Enabling spot welding of two steel sheets up to 0.2mm thick. Ref. PAM > Melting ring (lead & tin). Study of induction oven principle. Red copper hollow turn with insulating handle to be used with magnetic circuit & coil, 1000 or 500 turns. Ref. PAM

10 Electrochemistry > Electrochemistry training unit Intended to be used for the study of electrolysis, principle of cells, batteries, metal electrochemical classification, etc. The unit includes one bar with fastening device: 2 electrode-holders for plates or cylindrical rods. 1 set of cylindrical electrodes. 1 set of 6 plates. Gap, parallelism, immersion depth can be easily adjusted. Ref. PED > Accessories Stand Ref. CGM page 92 Rod Ref. CGM page 92 Elevator stand Ref. POD page 92 > U shaped voltameter Made of Ø 12 mm U -shaped glass tube, fitted on black Plexiglas plate. The apparatus is provided with two coal electrodes, fitted on tip terminal. Terminals are fitted on two slots on the plate. The electrodes immersion can therefore be adjusted. Dimension : 225 x 10 mm. Provided without stand & rod. Ref. PED Accessories (see page 92) > Pairs of plain electrodes Iron electrodes (pair) Ref. PED Coal electrodes (pair) Ref. PED Copper electrodes (pair) Ref. PED Tel (0)

11 Volta cell Identical to the original Volta cell. Constituted of one stackage of ten cells, including one copper, felt & zinc washer, fitted on a central glass rod. Washer Ø : 40 mm. Ref. PED > Daniell cell Unpolarizing cell. Including : one glass tank, contents: one litre, one zinc cylindrical electrode, one porous tank, one copper cylindrical electrode. Diameter : 105 mm Height : 170 mm Weight : 1.4 kg Ref. CLM > LeclanchØ cell Depolarizing cell. Including : one glass tank, contents: one litre, one zinc cylindrical electrode, one graphite electrode into manganese dioxide bag. Diameter : 105 mm Height : 195 mm Weight : 1.4 kg Electrochemistry > Spares for Daniell & LeclanchØ cells Zinc cathode with plug Copper anode with plug CLM CLM Carbone anode with plug CLM Ref. CLM Porous tank CLM Tank, FB - VB ml CLM > Tulip voltameter Ø 100 mm tank, in transparent plastic, unbreakable, acid & mineral base proof. Tank height : about 85 mm. Steady stand, with Ø 4 mm safety sockets. Height of the voltameters: 155 mm. 2 Models WITH NICKEL ELECTRODES Ref. CLM Spare capless pair of electrodes Ref. CLM With PLATINUM ELECTRODES Ref. CLM Spare electrodes Ref. CLM Same display as the CLM voltameter, but with two platinum electrodes, Ø 0.9 mm, fitted on the copper conductor

12 Electrochemistry > Pair of electrode holders Nut fastening of the electrode-holder on laboratory stand rod. Adjustable electrode gaps (electrode-holder arm, with Ø 6 mm rod - L = 300 mm). Electrode-holder onto which plate electrodes or cylindrical electrodes can be indifferently fastened. Equipped of two Ø 4 mm safety sockets. Ref. CLM > Electrodes for the pair of electrode holders > Plate electrodes Dimension: 100 x 50 x 2 mm, excepted the Zinc electrode, dimension: 100 x 50 x 1.5 mm. Aluminium - Ref. CLM Iron - Ref. CLM Copper - Ref. CLM Zinc - Ref. CLM > Cylindrical electrodes Dimension: (Ø x W) : 6 x 120 mm. Aluminium Ref. CLM Iron Ref. CLM Copper Ref. CLM Fax + 33 (0)

13 > Ticonal magnets Magnets are used to underscore the magnetic field B and its implications. Ticonal is an alloy of Iron, Nickel, Aluminium & Cobalt. After magnetization, high coercive field magnets are obtained. Magnetization has very long lasting. Bar 100 x 20 x 10 Ref. PED In pair with armature Ref. PED Bar 25 x 6 x 6 Ref. PAM Set of 10 Cylinder 60 diameter 3 Ref. PAM Set of 10 > Magnetized bar on pivot Magnets & compasses This bar can be projected on screen, usable as magnetized needle, has a very steady magnetization. It is constituted of a Ticonal cylindrical bar, fitted on needle pivot (extremely low friction). The North end is red. Length: 60 mm, diameter: 3 mm. Ref. PED > Magnetized needles Very suitable needles for all experiments on the magnetic field. Each needle is provided with stand point. Length: 15 mm - Set of 10 - Ref. PED Length: 30 mm - Set of 10 - Ref. PED Length: 40 mm - Set of 10 - Ref. PED Length: 60 mm - Set of 10 - Ref. PED Length: 70 mm - Set of 10 - Ref. PED Length: 100 mm - Set of 10 - Ref. PED Length: 120 mm - Set of 10 - Ref. PED > Variable air gap magnet U -shaped magnet, constituted of two removable arms enabling to make the distance vary between the two magnets located on both sides. Adjustable air-gap from 30 to 20mm. The magnetic field direction is also adjustable, depending on the magnet direction into the air-gap. Dimension of U : 85 x 25 x (20 to 30) mm. Provided with Manual. Ref. PED

14 Magnets & compasses > Circuits for overhead projection 3 components fitted on transparent plastic stand, with two safety sockets. Stands are sprinkled with iron filings (not provided), in order to display the circuits magnetic spectrum. Possible overhead projection during experiments. Power Supply:6 or 12 V/10 Amp. (Ref. PMM , see page 141). Rectilinear typical circuit, Ref. PAM Circular typical circuit Ref. PAM Solenoid typical circuit Ref. PAM Iron filings (500 g) Ref. PED > Magnetic spectrum for overhead proje Simple apparatus enabling the underscoring of the lines of force of the magnetic field in 1, 2 or 3 dimensions : the apparatus is constituted of 4 plastic plates containing in total, 376 small magnetic bars, 8 mm long. Each plate can be used either separately or coupled to the others. Dimension of each plate : 153 x 77 x 6 mm. Set of 4 plates Ref. PAM Tel (0)

15 > Oersted s needle : OERSTED DEMO fi > Tangents compass : RAYMAGNET fi Magnets & compasses Presentation : this apparatus is displayed under the form of an Epoxy glass printed circuit board. It is fitted onto insolated baseframe, insuring good steadyness of the assembly. On one side, 4 turns of Ø 120, 160, 200 et 240 mm are available. These turns can be separately connected through Ø 4mm sockets. Then B, function of R, can be studied. On the other side, 5 turns of wider diameter are grouped together, making a flat coil, enabling measurement on 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 turns. Then B, function of N, can be studied. A magnetized needle is located into the centre of the turns. It is moving above one degrees graduated protractor. The access to the different turns is made through Ø 4mm safety banana plugs. Max. current, not over 1 min. : 5 Amp. Dimension : Height: 340 mm - Width : 240 mm - Stand area: 240 x 137 mm. Weight: 0.8 kg. Provided with Manual. Ref. PAM A magnetized needle is put on a pivot. This one is firmly attached to a insolated stand onto which a stiff wire is fitted. The Oersted s experiment consists in positioning the stand in order to have the stiff wire in the needle axis. When a current passes through this wire, the magnetized needle deviates, tending to stand perpendiculary to the wire. This puts into evidence that a conductor crossed by an electric current generates magnetic field. Connection to external circuit through Ø 4mm safety sockets. Max. current: 5 Amp.. Gross dimension : 130 x 70 x 60 mm. Provided with Manual. MAGN EISM, ELECTROCHEMISTRY Ref. PAM > Declination compass : TERRAMAGNET fi This apparatus enables the underscoring of the earth magnetic field. Possible illustration of the Ampere little man rule. The magnetized needle is fitted on aluminium bracket. This apparatus gives accurate results. It combines good needle rotation to a maximum limitation of the friction. Maximum intensity: 10 Amp. Stand dimension : 130 x 80 x 36 mm - Needle length: 100 mm Provided with Manual. Ref. PAM

16 Electrostatics > Needle electroscope Demonstration of electrostatic voltages. Provided with one load ball & one set of capacitor plates with insolated rod. Ring diameter: 150mm. Capacitor plate diameter: 56 mm. Ref. PED > Electrostatics set Simple apparatus enabling the underscoring of electrostatic phenomena. The set includes: 1 light pendulum mounted on insolated bracket with very light plated ball hanging on silk thread. 1 vulcanite stick: 8 x 200 mm (Ø x W). 1 glass stick: 8 x 200 mm (Ø x W). 1 piece of rabbit skin. Ref. PEM Vulcanite stick: 8 x 200 mm (x 10) Ref. PEM Glass stick: 8 x 200 mm (x 10) Ref. PEM Fax + 33 (0)