A REVIEW ON THERMOELECTRIC COOLING SYSTEM

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1 A REVIEW ON THERMOELECTRIC COOLING SYSTEM Jitendra Brahmbhatt [1] And Prof. Surendra Agrawal [2] M. Tech. Scholar [1], Head of Department [2], Department of Mechanical Engineering at Surabhi & Satyam Group [1 & 2], Bhopal(M.P), India ABSTRACT A research to optimize thermo electric cooling modules is performed using a non dimensional analytic model. In this model the optimum current, that highest a COP of a thermoelectric cooling module is find by the cooling capacity of a thermo element, in hot and cold side temperatures, thermal and electrical resistances and the properties of thermoelectric material. The optimum length of a thermo element obtained using the best possible current. The sound effects of the thermal and electrical get in touch with resistances, the cooling capability of a thermo element and the cold side temperature on the utmost COP. A factor noted environmental concerns about worldwide warming and ozone reduction due to refrigerants and the rising demand for electronics and optoelectronic cooling led to improved activity in different cooling technologies. Thermo electric cooling is considered as popular cooling technology. This paper provides a significant review of Thermo electric technology and assesses its potential applications in refrigeration. thermo electric module is using a series of P and N doped bismuth-telluride Semi conductor material as shown in Figure 1.1. P and N make a couple, as shown in Figure 1.2. The thermoelectric couples are connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel. A thermoelectric module can contain number of hundred couples. Figure 1.1TEC Principle of operation Keywords Thermoelectric, TEC, Heat sink, cooling. 1. INTRODUCTION Thermoelectric are depend on the Peltier Effect, Seebeck Effect and Thomson Effect while the last two effects work on a solo conductor, the Peltier Effect is a typical intersection phenomenon. There are many products by means of thermoelectric coolers, including CCD cameras, laser diodes, microprocessor and moveable coolers. This article discuss the theory of a thermoelectric cooler, with the thermal and electrical parameters concerned The. Figure 1.2 Cross section of a thermoelectric cooler 97

2 the electrons move the P material to the N t material through an electrical connector, the electrons skip to a higher energy condition absorbing thermal energy (cold side). long-term through the lattice of material; the electrons flow from the N type material to the P type material through an electrical connector reducing to a lower energy state and release energy as heat to the heat sink (hot side). in the Eq (7) is the high value of cooling or heating, But high current will make high heat generation in the Joulean effect. 2.4 Joulean effect When a electrical current passes through a conductor, there are dissipation of electrical energy. qj= I2 R. (8) This effect is called Joulean effect. 2. THERMOELECTRIC EFFECTS When direct current passes a pair of thermocouples with junctions at dissimilar temperatures, there are five effects are observed: Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, Thomson effect, Joulean effect and conduction effect. 2.1 Seebeck effect When the two junctions of a pair of different metals are maintained at different temperatures, that is creation of emf (electromotive force) The emf output is ΔEαΔT..(1) Where ΔE and ΔT the emf output and the temperature variation of the junctions. The generation of emf is known as Seebeck effect The proportionality constant of Eq.1is denoted by: αab=δeδt (2) it is known as Seebeck coefficient that is noted that αab(αa- αb) is the coefficient for a pair off of dissimilar metals. 2.2 Peltier effect When direct current is passed through a pair off dissimilar metals,heating at one junction, cooling at other depending material combinations. qαi..(3) q is the cooling or heating rate. The proportional constant of Eq. (3) is called as Peltier coefficient, Hab (= volt) i.e., q=πab (4) Where πab = πab - πab is the coefficient for two different metals. 2.3 Thomson effect It is a reversible thermoelectric phenomenon. if a current passes through a single conductor have a temperature gradient as exhibit in heat transfer is δq/dx=τi(dt/dx)... (5) where J being Thomson coefficient (Volt/K) and δq /dx, the Seeback and Peltier coefficient as: πab=αabt (6) Using Eq (6) into Eq (4).is q=αabt... (7) 2.5 Conduction effect If the ends of any element are maintained at dissimilar temperatures. This is heat transfer from hot end to cold end is qcond = U(Th-Tl) (9) Where U being overall conductance and Th, Tl, are the high and low temperatures. If there are only one conductor of cross-sectional area A, conductivity k and length L, the overall conductance is : U = ka/l 3. DIIFERENT INVESTIGATORS Eun Soo Jeong A theoretical investigation for optimization of thermoelectric cooling modules is performed using a one-dimensional model. In the model the heat flowing through the hot end of a thermo element is determined by the hot and cold end temperatures, the cooling capacity of a thermo element, the electric current and the properties of thermoelectric material, not by the thermo element length. The optimum current and the optimum thermo element length, which maximize the COP of thermoelectric cooling modules, are obtained analytically for the case of negligible thermal and electrical contact resistances. It is shown that the maximum COP decreases as the contact resistances increase and that it decreases as the cooling ability increases. The current increases as the cooling capacity increases and decreases as the temperature difference between the hot and cold sides.this is also shown that thermo element length decreases as the cooling capacity increases.[1] Xiao Wang, Jianlin Yu, Ming Ma This study presents a generalized theoretical model for the optimization of TEC systems based on the entropy generation analysis method. In the model, a new dimensionless entropy generation number is introduced and the total thermal conductance is 98

3 selected as constraint conditions. The optimization design analyses are presented. The analysis results indicate that when TEC system operated at the maximum COP condition, there exists an optimum thermal conductance allocation ratio for obtaining the highest COPmax, which corresponds the minimum entropy generation number. Similarly, for the maximum cooling capacity condition an optimum allocation ratio also exists and results in the highest cooling capacity of TEC system, whereas the entropy generation number monotonically varies with changing thermal conductance allocation ratio. Furthermore, in the case of highest cooling capacity condition, increasing both total thermal conductance and heat capacity rate of the cooling fluid will lead to improvement in the corresponding COP Qc max, but the total thermal conductance has much significant influences. In general, analysis results reveals that the configuration of the TEC system in the thermal conductance of cold and hot side heat exchangers and heat capacity rate of the cooling fluid should be comprehensively taken into account for the two different conditions.[2] Tian-Hu Wang, Qiu-Hong Wang, Chuan Leng, Xiao-Dong Wang In this article an individual parameter analysis is performed effects of geometric construction applied currents on the performance of a two-stage TEC. The geometric construction parameters include total thermoelectric element number is N, the applied currents parameters are current applied to the cold stage Ic and current applied to the hot stage Ih. the maximum cooling capacity is define below. (1) v, c, and d with fixed applied currents of Ic and Ih, increasing N enhance the heat absorbed from the cold end, still, it is leads to a Joule heating. (2) The v is independent of the geometric structure applied currents of TEC, as it is the p and n semiconductor materials. (3) Parameters Ic, Ih, and d have depend on each other; once any two of the three parameters are fixed, remain one adjust the temperature between the cold and hot stage (4) The optimal Qc,c at temperature difference TEC DT is 0, 20, 40, and 60 K is improved by 19.62%, 21.30%, 25.49%, and 43.83%, as compared with the initial design the multi-parameter becomes more effective.[3] Wei-Hsin Chen, Chien-Chang Wang, Chen-I Hung and COP of the system are reduced when the contact resistance and heat convection are produced. When the lengths of TEG and TEC are changed, the performances are reduced to 12.45% and 18.67%,. the cooling power and COP of the system are important by the boundary conditions when the TEG changed.. The present learn provided a useful in the design of integrated TEG-TEC systems which refrigerate an object using waste heat of a power source.[4] Opoluwa, Owoyele, Scott Ferguson, Brendan T. O Connor In this article we investigated the performance of a novel hybrid thermoelectric cooler, which involves the use of semiconductor films printed on plastic substrates with a sinusoidal geometry. The performance of the device is compared to a conventional bulk thermoelectric device. We show that parasitic heat transfer through the substrate in the C-TE module is a source of performance losses, but can be minimized with proper thickness selection. The heat flux capabilities of the device are also shown to be highly sensitive to the angle of the thermoelectric legs (h) and the contact area of the legs to the thermal interface plates (d). For practical device geometries, the C-TE module cooling power density is substantially lower than a B-TE module, but with this lower flux comes reduced heat transfer requirements between the device and the environment. This result leads to the large area modules being effective without requiring advanced heat sink designs. These results suggest that the C-TE module may be advantageous in applications where a low cooling power density is required over a relatively large area. This large area application space of the C-TE design approach compliments the compatibility[5] Jaspalsinh.B.Dabhi, Nimesh. B. Parmar, Dr. Nirvesh. S. Mehta The objective phenomenon of an included TEG TEC system analyze from side to side a numerical method.. These are suggests that the cooling power Figure.2 Variation of COP with current 99

4 Figure.3 Variation of COP with input power Figure.4 Variation of COP with Temperature Difference From this analysis we are obtaining the following results. 1. The COP Increase with increasing the current up to certain value then it further decreases. 2. The COP Decreases with increase in input power. 3. The COP Decreases with Increase in the Temperature difference.[6] Wei He, Shixue Wang, Chi Lu, Xing Zhang, Yanzhe Li There were obvious temperature gradient features in the fluid flow direction of the TEG system. Its TE performance was quite different from common modeling without consideration of the temperature gradient, because it had a peak power output and corresponding optimal module area, and the TE performance was overestimated. For the TEG exhaust gas recovery system, four types of cooling methods were compared for their maximum power output and its corresponding optimal area with the obtained results. When using the water cooling method, the co flow and counter flow method did not require to be distinguished because of their small dissimilarity. However, they needed to be distinguished when using the air cooling method because of its significant effect on TE performance and because the counter flow method produced obviously higher power than the co flow method with the same module areas under air cooling. However, when designed at their separate optimal module areas, the increased maximum power output was very small with a larger optimal area needed for the counter flow method compared to the co flow method. The power output could not match the increased module area for the counter flow method compared with the co flow method; therefore, the co flow method have a higher power output per module area compare with the counter flow method. Generally, the water cooling method produced a higher maximum power with a higher optimal module area needed a power output per module area for the finest module area compared to the air cooling flow method. The maximum power output generally increased with the mass flow rate and gas temperature, except for that the air cooling method would produce no further increased power when the mass flow rate increased above a certain high value. The change of the optimal module area with the mass flow rate was the same as with maximum power output, but was not affected by the exhaust gas temperature for all types of cooling methods. The power output per module area under the optimal module area had nearly no change with the mass flow rate for all types of cooling methods, but increased with increasing gas temperature.[7] 4. REFRENCES [1] Eun Soo Jeong A new approach to optimize thermoelectric cooling modules Cryogenics 59 (2014) [2] Xiao Wang, Jianlin Yu and Ming Ma Optimization of heat sink configuration for thermoelectric cooling system based on entropy generation analysis International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 63 (2013)

5 [3] Tian-Hu Wang a, Qiu-Hong Wangb, Chuan Leng c,d and Xiao-Dong Wang c,d, Parameter analysis and optimal design for two-stage thermoelectric Cooler Applied Energy 154 (2015) 1 12 [4] Wei-Hsin Chen and Chien-Chang Wang b, Chen-I Hung Geometric effect on cooling power and performance of an integrated thermoelectric generation-cooling system Energy Conversion and Management 87 (2014) [5] Opeoluwa Owoyele, Scott Ferguson, Brendan and T. O Connor Performance analysis of a thermoelectric cooler with a corrugated Architecture Applied Energy 147 (2015) [6] Jaspalsinh.B.Dabhi, Nimesh. B. Parmar, anddr.nirvesh. S. Mehta Consideration for design of Thermoelectric Refrigeration system International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN [7] Wei He a,b, Shixue Wang a,b, Chi Lu a, Xing Zhang and Yanzhe Li a Influence of different cooling methods of thermoelectric performance of an engine exhaust gas waste heat recovery system Applied Energy

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