Dev Bhoomi Institute Of Technology LABORATORY Department of Electrical And Electronics Engg. Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion II

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1 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 1 Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion II 1. To perform no load and blocked rotor tests on a three phase squirrel cage induction motor and determine equivalent circuit. 2. To study speed control of three phase induction motor by varying supply voltage. 3. To perform no load and blocked rotor tests on a single phase induction motor and determine equivalent circuit. 4. To study speed control of three phase induction motor by Keeping V/f ratio constant 5. To perform load test on a three phase induction motor and draw: (i)torque-speed characteristics (ii)power factor-line current characteristics 6. To determine V-curves and inverted V-curves of a three phase synchronous motor. 7. To determine Xd and Xq of a three phase salient pole synchronous machine using the slip test and draw the power-angle curve. 8. To determine speed-torque characteristics of three phase slip ring induction motor and study the effect of including resistance, or capacitance in the rotor circuit.

2 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 2 AIM 1: To perform no load and blocked rotor tests on a three phase squirrel cage induction motor and determine equivalent circuit. APPARATUS REQUIRED PROCEDURE NO LOAD TEST 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram AC supply is increased gradually using 3 autotransformer till rated voltage is applied. 3. Readings of voltmeter and wattmeter are noted. BLOCKED ROTOR TEST 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram and rotor is blocked from rotating. 2. Applied voltage is increased until rated load current flows. 3. Readings of all meters are noted.

3 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 3 MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch. 3. Readings of voltmeter and ammeter are noted. 4. Stator resistance in ohms is calculated as Ra/phase = (Vx1.5) /2I CIRCUIT DIAGRAM PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING THE CIRCLE 1. Vector OO is drawn at an angle of phase with respect to OY represents the output line. 2. O X is drawn parallel to OX. 3. Vector OA is Ibr plotted at an angle of phasor with respect to OY. O A is joined which represents the output line. 4. A perpendicular bisector from output line which cuts O Y at C. With C as centre and O C as radius draw a semi-circle passing through A. 5. From A, a perpendicular is drawn meeting O X at E and OD at D. 6. AD represents Wbr in CM. EF represents stator copper loss in CM. AD represents rotor copper loss in CM.

4 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 4 7. Join OF which represents the torque line. 8. Line AD is extended and points S is marked, where AS is equal to rated output Y 9. Line PS is drawn parallel to output line. 10. From P, perpendicular line is drawn meeting OX at y. 11. Join OP. MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETER AT FULL LOAD Stator current = OP x X %η = (PQ/PV)x 100 %Slip = (QR/PR)x 100 Torque = (PRxV/(2ΠNT/60)) Pf = PV/OP MAXIMUM OUTPUT The perpendicular at O A line cuts the circle at P and O A at PQ. Maximum output = P1Q1x power scale (W) MAXIMUM TORQUE The perpendicular bisector of line cuts the circle at PR and OF at Q2. Maximum torque = (PFx power scale)/t Nm

5 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 5 RESULT Equivalent circuit of 3 phase induction motor is obtained by performing no load and blocked rotor test.

6 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 6 AIM 2: To study speed control of three phase induction motor by varying supply voltage APPARATUS REQUIRED : Meter Range quantity Ammeter 0-10 A 1 Voltmeter V 1 Tachometer THEORY : A 3-phase induction motor consists of stator and rotor with the other associated parts. In the stator, a 3-phase winding is provided. The windings of the three phase are displaced in space by 120º.A 3- phase current is fed to the 3-phase winding. These windings produce a resultant magnetic flux and it rotates in space like a solid magnetic poles being rotated magnetically. The performance electrical machines particularly working on DC supply system depends on voltage & frequency variation. It is expected that the m/c shall be capable of delivering the rated o/p at the rated p.f. within the variation of voltage +5% to -5% &in such variation the tempt. Shall not exceed more than specified limit. The variation of voltage & frequency beyond their limit affected the performance of m/c. 1 ) effect of change in supply voltage on starting, T st = (K 1 E 2 2 R 2 )/Z 2 But 0 is directly proportional to the supply voltage T st α V 2 Therefore starting torque is in the square proportional of supply voltage. 2)Effect of change in supply voltage on the torque under running condition T run = (KφS 2 0 R 2 )/(R 2 2 +(SX 2 ) 2 ) Therefore T is directly proportional to SV 2 if the supply voltage decreases then the torque under running condition decreases.

7 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 7 Hence to maintain same torque slip increases i.e. speed (full).hence slightly change in efficiency as the supply voltage changes. OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr no. V L W 1 W 2 W I L N P.F PROCEDURE: 1) Make the connection as per ckt diag. 2) Switch on the supply. 3) With the help of 3φ variac supply vary voltage in steps carefully. 4) Load the induction motor by mechanical loading arrangement till the ammeter shows reading. 5) Note down ammeter,voltmeter reading & speed of induction motor. 6) Reduce the voltage in steps & note down the readings of various meters. 7)plot speed v s voltage characteristics. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

8 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 8 CONCLUSION:- Thus we can conclude from the above experiment 1 As the voltage decreases the torque decreases. 2 As voltage decreases speed also decreases.

9 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 9 AIM 3: To perform no load and blocked rotor tests on a single phase induction motor and determine equivalent circuit APPARATUS REQUIRED

10 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 10 PRINCIPLE: Single phase motors are similar in construction to poly phase squirrel cage induction motor with exception that the stator has single phase winding. Therefore in single phase motors rotating magnetic field if not produced, but only a pulsating field is produced. The torque is also pulsating and hence single phase motors are not self starting. In order to make them self starting, they are converted to two phase motors at starting. A centrifugal switch is used to cut off the starting winding after motor picks up full speed.

11 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 11

12 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 12 PROCEDURE:- FOR NO LOAD TEST:- 1. Connections are done as shown in the diagram. 2. Supply is switched on with dimmerstat in the minimum position. 3. A low voltage is applied at starting. 4. Gradually as motor picks up speed, the rated voltage is applied. 5. The corresponding meter readings are noted FOR BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:- 1. For this test, starting winding is disconnected. 2. A small voltage is applied so that the rated current of the motor flows. 3. Corresponding meter readings are noted. (No physical blocking is required since starting windings is not connected). 4. The resistance of stator winding is also measured SAMPLE CALCULATION:- FROM NO LOAD TEST Wattmeter reading WO= W Voltmeter reading VO=.V Ammeter reading IO=.A

13 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 13 FROM BLOCKED ROTOR TEST Wattmeter reading Wsc =..W Voltmeter reading VSC=.V Ammeter reading ISC=.A

14 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 14 Thus all the equivalent circuit parameters have been determined. The final equivalent circuit is given below.

15 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 15

16 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 16 RESULTS a. The equivalent circuit parameters of the single phase induction motor are obtained and the same is drawn.. b. At slip = 5%, the following were predetermined using the equivalent circuit, 1. Stator current, I = 2. Efficiency = 3. Torque =

17 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 17 AIM 4: To study speed control of three phase induction motor by Keeping V/f ratio constant \

18 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 18 THEORY : The synchronous speed of induction motor is given by, where f is frequency of supply and P is number of poles. The synchronous speed and thereby the speed of induction motor can be controlled by controlling the supply frequency. We know that V/f is proportional to flux, therefore if we decrease the frequency while keeping voltage constant the flux in the air-gap will increase thereby causing saturation. To avoid this frequency is not decreased beyond a particular value. The frequency of the alternator output can be varied by varying the prime mover s (dc motor) speed. PROCEDURE:- 1. Connections are done as shown in the figure. 2. The motor field rheostat Rh1 is kept in minimum position and the alternator field rheostat Rh2 in the maximum position. 3. Supply is switched on. 4. The dc motor is started using the 3-point starter. The motor field rheostat Rh1 is varied till the required frequency (48-52) Hz is obtained. 5. Rh2 is varied till the rated voltage of induction motor is obtained.

19 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: The experiment is repeated for different values of frequency keeping the supply voltage to induction motor constant at rated value. 7. Each time the speed and input current of induction motor is noted. 8. The induction motor is loaded and repeat step2 to step Rheostat Rh2 is brought back to the maximum resistance position and switch off supply.

20 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 20 RESULT:- Speed of 3 phase induction motor was controlled by varying the frequency and speed Vs frequency curve was plotted for both no load and constant load.

21 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 21 AIM 5 : To perform load test on a three phase induction motor and draw: (i)torque-speed characteristics (ii)power factor-line current characteristics APPARATUS REQUIRED:

22 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 22 NAME PLATE DETAILS : FUSE RATING CALCULATION : 125% of rated current. No-load test - 25% of rated current. THEORY : The load test on 3-phase induction motor is performed to obtain its various characteristics including efficiency. A belt and brake drum arrangement as shown in the circuit diagram can load the motor. If S1 and S2 are the tensions provided at the two sides of the belt, then the load torque is given by Where R is the radius of the brake drum in metre. The mechanical output of the motor is given by Where N is the speed of the motor in RPM. The power input to the motor

23 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 23 PRECAUTION: 1. TPST switch should be at open position phase autotransformer should be at minimum voltage position. 3. There should be no-load at the time of starting(loosen the belt on the brake drum) 4. Brake drum should be filled with water. PROCEDURE: 1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Power supply is obtained from the control panel. 3. The TPST switch is closed. 4. Rated voltage of 3-phase induction motor, is applied by adjusting autotransformer 5. The initial readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted. 6. By increasing the load step by step, the reading of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter 7. Step1 to 6 is repeated till the ammeter shows the rated current of 3-phase induction motor. 8. Decrease the load, bring auto-transformer to its minimum voltage position. 9. Switch off the supply.

24 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 24 RESULT Torque speed characteristic is obtained from the experiment.

25 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 25 AIM 6: To draw the V and inverted V curves of synchronous motor at different loads. PRINCIPLE: A synchronous machine can be used as an alternator, when driven mechanically or as a motor when driven electrically. Most synchronous motors are rated between 150kW to 15MW and run at speed ranging from 150 to 1800 rpm. Based on the construction synchronous motor can be classified in to two types, 1.Cylindrical rotor type and 2.Salient pole type. In salient pole type, the rotor poles are projecting out from the rotor core. But what we are using is the other. The cylindrical rotor machine has its rotor slots. This type provides greater mechanical strength and permits more accurate dynamic balancing. It is particularly adopted for use in high speed turbo generators. Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are: 1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency. 2. It is not inherently self starting. 3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range.

26 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 26 PROCEDURE:- FOR DETERMINATION OF V AND INVERTED V CURVES: 1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The auto transformer is adjusted such that it reads the rated voltage. 3. At no-load condition, the field excitation was varied and the corresponding line current and the wattmeter readings are noted. 4. Then by keeping 75% load, the excitation was adjusted by varying the field rheostat and the above readings are noted. 5. Same procedure was followed for full load.

27 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 27 RESULT: The V curves and inverted V-curve for different load condition are drawn.

28 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 28 AIM 7: To determine Xd and Xq of a three phase salient pole synchronous machine using the slip test and draw the power-angle curve APPARATUS REQUIRED-- CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

29 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 29 THEORY:- If a synchronous machine runs at a slightly less than the synchronous speed, the field structure is exposed to the rotating mmf of armature reaction. Hence the poles and armature reaction mmf fall in phase and out of phase at slip frequency. Where the axis of two coincides, the armature acts through the field magnetic circuit, including maximum voltage in the field. The direct axis reactance Xd (and hence the impedance Zd) is maximum resulting in the armature current being minimum. Where the field poles are in quadrature with armature mmf, quadrature axis reactance Xq (and hence the impedance Zq) will be minimum resulting in the armature current maximum. Hence, Zd = Max. voltage / min. current Zq = Min. voltage / max. current

30 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 30

31 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 31 PROCEDURE:- 1. Make connections as shown in circuit diagram. 2. Start the set and bring it to near synchronous speed keeping the field of the alternator open. 3. Apply an AC voltage of reduced magnitude (about 25% of the rated value). The field poles and armature mmf should rotate in same direction this can be verified by measuring the voltage across the field winding (It should be nearly equal to zero) Otherwise interchange the stator terminals. 4. Adjust the speed of the alternator to get sufficient oscillations (Maximum deflection) in the meter. 5. Note down the maximum and minimum value of ammeter and voltmeter.

32 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 32

33 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 33 RESULT:- Performed slip test, calculated d axis and q axis synchronous reactance and plotted the Graphs

34 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 34 AIM 8: To determine speed-torque characteristics of three phase slip ring induction motor and study the effect of including resistance, or capacitance in the rotor circuit. APPARATUS: 1) 3 phase slip-ring Induction motor. 415V, 3 HP, 1500rpm. 2) Voltmeter. (0-600V, AC.) 3) Ammeter. (0-10A, AC.) 4) Rheostat. 50 ohms, 5A, (3Nos.) 5) 3 Phase Dimmer stat. 6) Connecting Wires. 7) Tachometer. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

35 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 35 THEORY: It should cover the following. 1. Construction and working of a slipring I.M. 2. Application of a slipring I.M. 3. Torque-slip characteristic of I.M. for different values of rotor resistance. 4. Explanation about the circuit connection. PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the ckt. as shown. 2. Keep the Dimmerstat as zero output voltage & the external rotor resistance at minimum resistance position. 3. Switch ON the supply & increase the input voltage to stator winding upto its rated value. 4. Measure the speed. 5. Now increase the rotor resistance in steps & note the corresponding values of speed. 6. Draw a graph of rotor resistance versus speed.

36 REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: 36 OBSERVATION TABLE: PRECAUTION: 1) All connections should be tight. 2) No loose wires should be on the working table. 3) Supply should not be switched on till connections are checked by the teacher. 4) The motor input current should not exceed its rated value. GRAPH : Draw a graph of rotor external resistance versus speed. RESULT: It found that with rise in rotor resistance, there is a corresponding drop in the speed.

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