CHAPTER -13 MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

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1 CHAPTER -13 MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT Madhu: Question 1: Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar magnet? Answer 1: Magnetic compass needle and bar magnet both have magnetic field. When they brought near to each other, these magnetic fields interact each other giving deflection in needle. Question 2: Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet. Question 3: List the properties of magnetic lines of force. Answer 3: Properties of magnetic lines of force (also known as magnetic field lines) are listed below a)outside the magnet, the magnetic field lines are directed from N-pole of magnet towards S-pole. However, inside a magnet the field lines are directed from S-pole to N-pole. Thus magnetic field lines form a close loop. b)the magnetic field line at any point points in the direction of magnetic field at that point. c)the relative strength of magnetic fields is given by degree of closeness of the field lines. The magnetic field is strong in the region where the field lines are crowded. d)no two magnetic field lines can ever intersect with each other. Question 4: Why don t two magnetic lines of force intersect each other? Answer 4: No two field-lines are found to cross each other. If they did, it would mean that at the point of intersection, the compass needle would point towards two directions, which is not possible. 180

2 Question 5: Consider a circular loop of wire lying in the plane of the table. Let the current pass through the loop clockwise. Apply the right-hand rule to find out the direction of the magnetic field inside and outside the loop. Answer 5: The magnetic field lines have been shown in Figure given below. As per right-hand rule, we find that inside the loop, the magnetic field lines are directed perpendicular to the plane of paper in the inward direction. Outside the loop magnetic field lines are directed out of the plane of paper. Question 6: The magnetic field in a given region is uniform. Draw a diagram to represent it. Answer 6: The uniform magnetic field is represented by parallel, equidistant lines of equal length as shown in Figure. Question 7: Choose the correct option. The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid-carrying current (a) is zero. (b) decreases as we move towards its end. 181

3 (c) increases as we move towards its end. (d) is the same at all points. Answer 7: (d) is the same at all points. Question 8: Which of the following property of a proton can change while it moves freely in a magnetic field? (There may be more than one correct answer.) (a) Mass (b) Speed (c) Velocity (d) Momentum Answer 8: (c) Velocity and (d) Momentum Question 9: In Activity 13.7, how do we think the displacement of rod AB will be affected if (i) current in rod AB is increased; (ii) a stronger horse-shoe magnet is used; and (iii) length of the rod AB is increased? Answer 9: (i) If current in rod AB is increased, the displacement will also increase. (ii) If we use a stronger horse-shoe magnet then the displacement of rod AB will increase. (iii) lf length of the rod is increased, force acting on it will increase and, hence, displacement of the rod increases. Question 10: A positively-charged particle (alpha-particle) projected towards west is deflected towards north by a magnetic field. The direction of magnetic field is (a) towards south (b) towards east (c) downward (d) upward Answer 10: (d) upward In accordance with Fleming's left-hand rule, the direction of magnetic field is vertically upward. Question 11: State Fleming s left-hand rule. 182

4 Answer 11: According to Fleming s left-hand rule, stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of your left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular. If the first finger points in the direction of magnetic field and the second finger in the direction of current, then the thumb will point in the direction of motion or the force acting on the conductor. Question 12: What is the principle of an electric motor? Answer 12: The working principle of an electric motor is based on the magnetic effect of current. A current-carrying loop experiences a force and rotates when placed in a magnetic field. The direction of rotation of the loop is given by the Fleming s left-hand rule. Question 13: What is the role of the split ring in an electric motor? Answer1 3: The split ring in the electric motor acts as a commutator. The commutator reverses the direction of current flowing through the coil after each half rotation of the coil. Due to this reversal of the current, the coil continues to rotate in the same direction. Question 14: Explain different ways to induce current in a coil. Answer 14: Different ways to induce current in a coil are as given below a)if a magnetic field is changed around a coil then an induced current is set up in the coil. It can be done by taking a bar magnet and bringing it closer to the coil or taking it away from the coil. b)if a coil is moved in a magnetic field, then again an induced current is set up in the coil c)if a coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field, it may also produce an induced current in the coil. 183

5 Question 15: State the principle of an electric generator. Answer 15: An electric generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When a rectangular coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field, an induced voltage is generated between the ends of the coil. Question 16: Name some sources of direct current. Answer 16: Some sources of direct current are a cell, a battery and a D.C. generator. Question 17: Which sources produce alternating current? Answer 17: A.C. generator and invertors (used in house for emergency power supply) produces alternating current. Question 18: Choose the correct option. A rectangular coil of copper wires is rotated in a magnetic field. The direction of the induced current changes once in each (a) two revolutions (b) one revolution 184

6 (c) half revolution (d) one-fourth revolution Answer 18: (c). When a rectangular coil of copper wire is rotated in a magnetic field, the direction of the induced current changes once in each half revolution. Question 19: Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and appliances. Answer 19: Two safety measures are a)use of earth wire and proper earthing. b)use of fuse (now a days fuse wire is replaced by MCB). Question 20: An electric oven of 2 kw power rating is operated in a domestic electric circuit (220 V) that has a current rating of 5 A. What result do you expect? Explain. Answer 20: Power rating of electric oven P = 2 kw = 2000 W Supply voltage V = 220 V So, the current drawn by electric oven I=P V=2000 W 220 V=9 A As the current rating of domestic electric circuit is only 5 A and the oven draws a current 9 A, which is more than the current rating, hence the circuit will be damaged due to overheating/overloading. Question 21: What precaution should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic electric circuits? Answer 21: The precautions that should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic circuits are as follow: a)too many appliances should not be connected to a single socket. b)too many appliances should not be used at the same time. c)faulty appliances should not be connected in the circuit. d)fuse should be connected in the circuit. Question 22: Which of the following correctly describes the magnetic field near a long straight wire? (a) The field consists of straight lines perpendicular to the wire. (b) The field consists of straight lines parallel to the wire. (c) The field consists of radial lines originating from the wire. (d) The field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire. Answer 22: (d) The field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire. On applying right-hand thumb rule, we find the direction of magnetic field. The field is in the form of concentric circles centred on the wire carrying current. 185

7 Question 23: The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is (a) the process of charging a body. (b) the process of generating magnetic field due to a current passing through a coil. (c) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet and the coil. (d) the process of rotating a coil of an electric motor. Answer 23: (c) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet and the coil. In electromagnetic induction phenomenon an induced current begins to flow in a coil whenever there is change in magnetic field in and around a coil. Hence, the option (c) is correct. hence, the option (d) is correct. Question 24: The device used for producing electric current is called a (a) generator. (b) galvanometer. (c) ammeter. (d) motor Answer 24: (a) generator. An A.C. generator is the device used for producing an electric current. Hence, the option (a) is correct. Question 25: The essential difference between an AC generator and a DC generator is that (a) AC generator has an electromagnet while a DC generator has permanent magnet. (b) DC generator will generate a higher voltage. (c) AC generator will generate a higher voltage. (d) AC generator has slip rings while the DC generator has a commutator Answer 25: (d) AC generator has slip rings while the DC generator has a commutator Question 26: At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit (a) reduces substantially. (b) does not change. (c) increases heavily. (d) vary continuously. Answer 26: (c) increases heavily. 186

8 At the time of short circuiting the live wire and the neutral wire come into direct contact. As a result, the current in the circuit abruptly increases. Hence, the option (c) is correct. Question 27: State whether the following statements are true or false. (a) An electric motor converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. (b) An electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. (c) The field at the centre of a long circular coil carrying current will be parallel straight lines. (d) A wire with a green insulation is usually the live wire of an electric supply. Answer 27: (a) An electric motor converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. (False) (b) An electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. (True) (c) The field at the centre of a long circular coil carrying current will be parallel straight lines. (True) (d) A wire with a green insulation is usually the live wire of an electric supply. (False) Question 28: List three sources of magnetic fields. Answer 28: Three methods of producing magnetic field are as follows: a)magnetic field can be produced by placing a permanent bar magnet or a horse-shoe magnet at the place, where magnetic field is required. b)magnetic field is produced around a current-carrying straight conductor or a current carrying circular coil. c)a very good method to produce magnetic field is due to flow of current in a solenoid. Question 29: How does a solenoid behave like a magnet? Can you determine the north and south poles of a current carrying solenoid with the help of a bar magnet? Explain. Answer 29: When current is passed through a solenoid coil, magnetic field produced due to each turn of solenoid coil is in the same direction. As a resu1t, the resultant magnetic field become very strong and uniform. The field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines along the axis of solenoid. Thus, the solenoid behaves like a bar magnet. One end of solenoid behaves as a magnetic North pole while the other end behaves as the South Pole. 187

9 We can determine the magnetic poles formed in a solenoid. The end of the current-carrying solenoid, which attracts North Pole but repels South Pole of a bar magnet, is behaving as south magnetic pole. The other end, which attracts South Pole of a bar magnet but repels the North Pole, is behaving as north magnetic pole. It is because like poles repel but unlike poles attract each other. Question 30: When is the force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field largest? Answer 30: The force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is largest when the current-carrying conductor is placed in a direction perpendicular to that of magnetic field. Question 31: Imagine that you are sitting in a chamber with your back to one wall. An electron beam, moving horizontally from back wall towards the front wall, is deflected by a strong magnetic field to your right side. What is the direction of magnetic field? Answer 31: An electron beam moving horizontally from back wall towards the front wail is equivalent to a current flowing in the opposite direction (i.e., from front wall towards the back wall). The deflection of electron beam as seen by observer is to his right side and is shown in Figure. On applying Fleming's left-hand rule we find that the magnetic field is acting in vertically downward direction. 188

10 Question 32: Draw a labelled diagram of an electric motor. Explain its principle and working. What is the function of a split ring in an electric motor? Principle A current-carrying conductor, when placed in a magnetic field, experiences a force. If the direction of the field and that of the current are mutually perpendicular then force acting on the conductor will be perpendicular to both and will be given by Fleming's left-hand rule. Due to this force the conductor begins to move. Working Current in the coil ABCD enters from the source battery through conducting brush X and flows back to the battery through brush Y. The current in arm AB of the coil flows from A to B. In arm CD it flows from C to D, that is, opposite to the direction of current through arm AB. We find that the force acting on arm AB pushes it downwards while the force acting on arm CD pushes it upwards. Thus the coil and the axle O, mounted free to turn about an axis, rotate 189

11 anti-clockwise. At half rotation, Q makes contact with the brush X and P with brush Y. Therefore the current in the coil gets reversed and flows along the path DCBA. The reversal of current also reverses the direction of force acting on the two arms AB and CD. Thus the arm AB of the coil that was earlier pushed down is now pushed up and the arm CD previously pushed up is now pushed down. Therefore the coil and the axle rotate half a turn more in the same direction. The reversing of the current is repeated at each half rotation, giving rise to a continuous rotation of the coil and to the axle. Question 33: Name some devices in which electric motors are used. Answer 33: Electric motors are used in all such devices where we want to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy so as to drive that machine. In our houses, electric motors are being fitted in electric fans, coolers, air conditioners, mixer grinders, washing machines, refrigerators, juicers, computers etc. In factories, motors are used in almost all machines. Question 34: A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a galvanometer. What will happen if a bar magnet is (i) pushed into the coil, (ii) withdrawn from inside the coil, (iii) held stationary inside the coil? Answer 34: A current induces in a solenoid if a bar magnet is moved relative to it. This is the principle of electromagnetic induction. (i) When a bar magnet is pushed into a coil of insulated copper wire, a current is induced momentarily in the coil. As a result, the needle of the galvanometer deflects momentarily in a particular direction. (ii) When the bar magnet is withdrawn from inside the coil of the insulated copper wire, a current is again induced momentarily in the coil in the opposite direction. As a result, the needle of the galvanometer deflects momentarily in the opposite direction. (iii) When a bar magnet is held stationary inside the coil, no current will be induced in the coil. Hence, galvanometer will show no deflection. Question 35: Two circular coils A and B are placed closed to each other. If the current in the coil A is changed, will some current be induced in the coil B? Give reason. Answer 35: Yes, a current is induced in the coil B. When the current in the coil A is changed, the magnetic field associated with it also changes. As coil B is placed close to A, hence magnetic field lines around this coil also change. Due to change in magnetic field lines associated with coil B, an induced current is also induced in it. 190

12 Question 36: State the rule to determine the direction of a (i) magnetic field produced around a straight conductor-carrying current, (ii) force experienced by a current-carrying straight conductor placed in a magnetic field which is perpendicular to it, and (iii) current induced in a coil due to its rotation in a magnetic field. Answer 36: (i) Maxwell s right hand thumb rule (ii) Fleming s left hand rule (iii) Fleming s right hand rule Question 37: Explain the underlying principle and working of an electric generator by drawing a labelled diagram. What is the function of brushes? Answer 37: Principle An electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction phenomenon. According to it, whenever a coil is rotated between the poles of a magnet, an induced current is set up in the coil, whose direction is given by Fleming's right-hand rule. Working When the axle attached to the two rings is rotated such that the arm AB moves up (and the arm CD moves down) in the magnetic field produced by the permanent magnet. The coil ABCD is rotated clockwise in the arrangement. By applying Fleming s right-hand rule, the induced currents are set up in these arms along the directions AB and CD. Thus an induced current flows in the direction ABCD. If there are larger numbers of turns in the coil, the current generated in each turn adds up to give a large current through the coil. This means that the current in theexternal circuit flows from B2 to B1. After half a rotation, arm CD starts moving up and AB moving down. As a result, the directions of the induced currents in both the arms change, giving rise to the net induced current in the direction DCBA. The current in the external circuit now flows from B1 to B2. Thus after every half rotation the polarity of the 191

13 current in the respective arms changes. Such a current, which changes direction after equal intervals of time, is called an alternating current (abbreviated as AC). This device is called an AC generator. Question 38: When does an electric short circuit occur? Answer 38: If either the insulation of wires used in an electrical circuit is damaged or there is a fault in the appliance, live wire and neutral wire may come in direct contact. As a result, the current in the circuit abruptly rises and short-circuiting occurs. Question 39: What is the function of an earth wire? Why is it necessary to earth metallic appliances? Answer 39: The metallic body of electric appliances is connected to the earth by means of earth wire so that any leakage of electric current is transferred to the ground. This prevents any electric shock to the user. That is why earthing of the electrical appliances is necessary. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Choose the incorrect statement from the following regarding magnetic lines of field (a) The direction of magnetic field at a point is taken to be the direction in which the north pole of a magnetic compass needle points (b) Magnetic field lines are closed curves (c) If magnetic field lines are parallel and equidistant, they represent zero field strength (d) Relative strength of magnetic field is shown by the degree of closeness of the field lines 2. For a current in a long straight solenoid N- and S-poles are created at the two ends. Among the following statements, the incorrect statement is (a) The field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of straight lines which indicates that the magnetic field is the same at all points inside the solenoid (b) The strong magnetic field produced inside the solenoid can be used to magnetise a piece of magnetic material like soft iron, when placed inside the coil (c) The pattern of the magnetic field associated with the solenoid is different from the pattern of the magnetic field around a bar magnet (d) The N- and S-poles exchange position when the direction of 192

14 current through the solenoid is reversed 3. Commercial electric motors do not use (a) an electromagnet to rotate the armature (b) effectively large number of turns of conducting wire in the current carrying coil (c) a permanent magnet to rotate the armature (d) a soft iron core on which the coil is wound 4. Choose the incorrect statement (a) Fleming s right-hand rule is a simple rule to know the direction of induced current (b) The right-hand thumb rule is used to find the direction of magnetic fields due to current carrying conductors (c) The difference between the direct and alternating currents is that the direct current always flows in one direction, whereas the alternating current reverses its direction periodically (d) In India, the AC changes direction after every 1 50 second 5. The strength of magnetic field inside a long current carrying straight solenoid is (a) more at the ends than at the centre (b) minimum in the middle (c) same at all points (d) found to increase from one end to the other 6. To convert an AC generator into DC generator (a) split-ring type commutator must be used (b) slip rings and brushes must be used (c) a stronger magnetic field has to be used (d) a rectangular wire loop has to be used 7. The most important safety method used for protecting home appliances from short circuiting or overloading is (a) earthing (b) use of fuse (c) use of stabilizers (d) use of electric meter Short Answer Questions 1. It is established that an electric current through a metallic conductor produces a magnetic field around it. Is there a similar 193

15 magnetic field produced around a thin beam of moving (i) alpha particles, (ii) neutrons? Justify your answer. (i) Yes, Alpha particles being positively charged constitutes a current in the direction of motion. (ii) No. The neutrons being electrically neutral constitute no current. 2. What does the direction of thumb indicate in the right-hand thumb rule. In what way this rule is different from Fleming s left-hand rule? The thumb indicates the direction of current in the straight conductor held by curled fingers, whereas the Fleming s left-hand rule gives the direction of force experienced by current carrying conductor placed in an external magnetic field. 3. Meena draws magnetic field lines of field close to the axis of a current carrying circular loop. As she moves away from the centre of the circular loop she observes that the lines keep on diverging. How will you explain her observation Strength of the magnetic field falls as distance increases. This is indicated by the decrease in degree of closeness of the lines of field. 4. What does the divergence of magnetic field lines near the ends of a current carrying straight solenoid indicate? The divergence, that is, the falling degree of closeness of magnetic field lines indicates the fall in strength of magnetic field near and beyond the ends of the solenoid. 5. Name four appliances wherein an electric motor, a rotating device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, is used as an important component. In what respect motors are different from generators? Electric fans, mixers, washing machines, computer drives, etc. Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy whereas generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. 6. What is the role of the two conducting stationary brushes in a simple electric motor? The brushes are connected to the battery and touch the outer side of two halves of the split ring whose inner sides are insulated and attached to the axle. 7. What is the difference between a direct current and an alternating current? How many times does AC used in India change direction in one second? Direct current always flows in one direction but the alternating current reverses its direction periodically. The frequency of AC in India is 50 Hz and in each cycle it alters direction twice. Therefore AC changes direction 2 50 = 100 times in one second. 8. What is the role of fuse, used in series with any electrical appliance? Why should a fuse with defined rating not be replaced by one with a larger rating? 194

16 Fuse is used for protecting appliances due to short-circuiting or overloading. The fuse is rated for a certain maximum current and blows off when a current more than the rated value flows through it. If a fuse is replaced by one with larger ratings, the appliances may get damaged while the protecting fuse does not burn off. This practice of using fuse of improper rating should always be avoided. Long Answer Questions 1. Why does a magnetic compass needle pointing North and South in the absence of a nearby magnet get deflected when a bar magnet or a current carrying loop is brought near it. Describe some salient features of magnetic lines of field concept. Current carrying loops behave like bar magnets and both have their associated lines of field. This modifies the already existing earth s magnetic field and a deflection results. Magnetic field has both direction and magnitude. Magnetic field lines emerge from N-pole and enter Spole. The magnetic field strength is represented diagrammatically by the degree of closeness of the field lines. Field lines cannot cross each other as two values of net field at a single point cannot exist. Only one value, a unique net value, can exist. If in a given region, lines of field are shown to be parallel and equispaced, the field is understood to be uniform. 2. With the help of a labelled circuit diagram illustrate the pattern of field lines of the magnetic field around a current carrying straight long conducting wire. How is the right hand thumb rule useful to find direction of magnetic field associated with a current carrying conductor? Right hand thumb rule states that if a current carrying straight conductor is supposedly held in the right hand with the thumb pointing towards the direction of current, then the fingers will wrap around the conductor in the direction of the field lines of the magnetic field. 2. Explain with the help of a labelled diagram the distribution of magnetic field due to a current through a circular loop. Why is it any point is n times as large as that produced by a single turn? The magnetic field at a point is the addition of thefield produced by each turn. 195

17 3. Describe the activity that shows that a current-carrying conductorexperiences a force perpendicular to its length and the externalmagnetic field. How does Fleming s left-hand rule help us to findthe direction of the force acting on the current carrying conductor? Explain the activity with the help of the diagram. According to Fleming s left hand rule, stretch the thumb,forefinger and central finger of your left hand such thatthey are mutually perpendicular. If the fore finger pointsin the direction of magnetic field and the central in thedirection of current, then the thumb will point in thedirection of motion or force acting on the conductor. 4. Draw a labelled circuit diagram of a simple electric motor andexplain its working. In what way these simple electric motors are diffferent from commercial motors? 196

18 Explain working with the help of the diagram. Commercialmotors use an electromagnet in place of a permanent magnet, a large number of turns of conducting wire in the current carrying coil and a soft iron core on which the coil is wound. 4. Explain the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Describean experiment to show that a current is set up in a closed loopwhen an external magnetic field passing through the loopincreases or decreases. The process by which a changing magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in another conductor is called electromagnetic induction. 5. Draw an appropriate schematic diagram showing commondomestic circuits and discuss the importance of fuse. Why is itthat a burnt out fuse should be replaced by another fuse ofidentical rating? A fuse in a circuit prevents damage to the appliances and thecircuit due to overloading. Otherwise the appliances or the circuitmay get damaged. 197

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