Use these modules to gain valuable knowledge about STIHL policies, procedures and products that will be a benefit to you on the job immediately.

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1 Bronze Level Training Lesson 09 This is Bronze Level 09 of 10. Welcome to the Service Advantage Bronze Level Training on icademy. These modules are designed to enhance your knowledge base on topics such as STIHL Warranties, parts look-up, engine principles of operation; including the revolutionary STIHL 4-MIX engine, 2 and 4 cylinder engines and more. Use these modules to gain valuable knowledge about STIHL policies, procedures and products that will be a benefit to you on the job immediately. Don t forget to take your quiz! You must complete each quiz with a score of 100% to receive credit for passing the entire icademy Bronze Level Training Module. All 10 Bronze Level Modules must be completed to achieve the STIHL Bronze Certification. This module explains what a Carburetor does and how it does it.

2 What does a Carburetor do? How does it do it? Why so many different types? All carburetors must respond to some basic laws of physics in order to work properly, regardless of the type or manufacturer. Carburetors sometimes appear very complex, but once the science and theory necessary for one to work is clearly understood, all the holes, jets, passages, and diaphragms will make sense.

3 Pressure Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 PSI 14.7 PSI = 1 bar = 100 kilopascal = 29.5 inches of mercury Anything less than that is low pressure or vacuum A carburetor operates on a pressure differential created by a venture There is pressure in this room. Atmospheric pressure drops the higher the elevation. The deeper you go under water the higher the pressure. Air and water have weight and mass. Water and air both behave like fluids, but water is thick compared to air. Air can be compressed, but a liquid cannot. Think about a sailboat as an example. It has huge sails rising up to catch the air, but the keel is very small in comparison. Yet the keel keeps the sailboat from falling over. Water is denser than air.

4 Daniel Bernoulli Bernoulli's Theorem In 1738 Daniel Bernoulli, a Swiss physicist, observed and measured fluid flow behavior. He proposed that as a fluid s velocity, or its speed, increases, the pressure decreases. This is known as the Bernoulli Effect. Some examples of the Bernoulli Effect are: When you stand in a doorway and it is windy, but not when you step out of it. When it is windy in a narrow alley between two buildings. When a river or stream narrows, the speed of the water increases.

5 Pressure Differential Experiments Cut a strip of paper to about 3 wide and 8 long. What happens when the narrow end of the piece of paper is held to the upper lip and air is blown out? You should see it rise up from the pressure of the air escaping from your mouth. What happens when the paper is held to the lower lip and air is blown out? This time, it also rises up. Why? Bernoulli said that when you increase the velocity, you decrease the pressure. The high velocity air passing over the top of the paper creates low pressure, so the air in the room, under the paper, lifts it up into the low pressure zone. This is how an airplane wing works to create lift.

6 What is a Venturi? The picture represents a tube that has been narrowed down, forming a venturi. The red arrows represent air moving through the venturi. The same volume of air coming in on the left needs to get out on the right, the only way for it to happen is for the air to speed up, or increase its velocity. When the velocity increases, the pressure decreases. This will always happen. It is a law of physics. All carburetors work on this principle. This is the Bernoulli Effect, as it applies to a venturi. There is an interesting site on the internet about Bernoulli and how a venturi works, at: Scroll down to the animation. Java must be enabled. Move the yellow handles around to form a venturi, and observe the change in flow of the molecules, and how the pressure and velocity change in the graph below the animation.

7 Venturi Examples Airflow Main Fuel Discharge Nozzle On these two carburetors, airflow is from left to right. The necked down area in the red oval is the venturi. Notice that the fuel discharge nozzle sticks out into the air stream just past the narrowest restriction of the venturi. Fuel is discharged out of this nozzle whenever there is enough airflow to create a pressure differential. If the engine ran at one speed, near WOT (wide open throttle) all the time, the carburetor would be very simple to design. However, an engine has different air/ fuel needs depending on whether it is being started, at idle, accelerating, at WOT, or decelerating. This is what makes carburetors appear so complex, and why there are so many different holes, or metering ports, in the carburetor. Just remember that throughout the engine s full RPM range, the carburetor is delivering fuel and mixing it with air based on the pressure differential inside the venturi and the atmospheric pressure outside the carburetor. It does this automatically, without a computer or other controls.

8 Carburetor Function Fuel Pump Jet System Metering Systems STIHL engines are considered to be all position operation engines, and are equipped with diaphragm type carburetors, not float type carburetors. The fuel pump, jet system and metering systems for controlling the fuel-air mixture are integrated into the carburetor. The metering diaphragm maintains a small reservoir of fuel that is available to the metering ports and main discharge nozzle at all times. The fuel pump is integrated into the carburetor body and provides a pressurized supply of fuel to the inlet needle at all times. This allows the fuel tank to be located below the carburetor, and fuel can be supplied regardless of what position the engine is in. The backside or dry side of the metering diaphragm is open to atmosphere, or vented, at all times, so it can respond to changes in pressure inside the carburetor. The gas tank must also be able to let air in as fuel is pumped out, so it is usually equipped with a one-way check valve for venting. As fuel is drawn out of the tank, air is allowed in. If the tank is not vented, a vacuum would develop and fuel would not flow or be restricted. A restricted tank vent can actually lean out the fuel mixture and cause the engine to fail.

9 Typical All Position Carburetor Yellow Indicates Fuel Bypass Ports Discharging Fuel Blue Lines Indicate Airflow Main Nozzle Discharging Fuel This is a diaphragm type carburetor at WOT. Fuel is coming out of all available openings to meet engine demand. All of these openings are carefully metered so that the optimum air/fuel ratio is maintained.

10 Crankcase Vacuum Here the carburetor is attached to the engine (not to scale). As the piston moves up in the cylinder, a low pressure, or vacuum, is created in the crankcase, which draws air through the carburetor and the Bernoulli Effect occurs in the venturi. The air outside the carburetor is at atmospheric pressure, so it rushes in to fill the low pressure area in the venturi, created by the piston moving up in the cylinder. Nature does not like a vacuum, and will always try to equalize pressure, both high and low. An engine can only produce power based on the quantity of air it can pump in and out, along with a corresponding fuel mix. All of these factors are considered during the design process of a particular engine.

11 Fuel Pump Operation Pumping Chamber Check Valves Impulse Port Filter Screen & Opening to Inlet Needle The fuel pump side of the carburetor uses a diaphragm, with two built in check valves, to pump fuel from the tank and supply it to the inlet needle under slight pressure.

12 Fuel Pump Action Diaphragm Flexes Up Diaphragm Flexes Down There is an impulse line connected between the fuel pump cover and the crankcase. As the piston moves up and down in the cylinder, the pressure in the crankcase increases and decreases. These pulses cause the diaphragm to pump fuel by flexing back and forth. The check valves allow the fuel to flow in one direction only, and maintain the slight pressure needed to keep fuel flowing when the inlet needle is open.

13 Metering System Brass Seat Inlet Needle Viton Tip The metering side of the carburetor consists of the inlet needle, which usually is Viton tipped, and the inlet needle lever, spring, and pin. The seat is brass and is not serviceable. The needle is controlled by the diaphragm, which responds to changes in pressure differential and opens, or allows the inlet needle to close depending on throttle position. The inlet lever spring holds the needle closed when the engine is not running. It is precisely calibrated to allow the needle to open a limited amount depending on throttle position. This calibration varies the amount of fuel flowing through the metering chamber to supply a precise mixture to the engine. On acceleration, the spring must allow the needle to open quickly or the engine will stumble from lack of fuel. On deceleration, the spring must quickly reduce the flow of fuel or the engine will flood. When repairing a carburetor the correct spring must be installed.

14 Discharge Ports Ports In addition to the main discharge nozzle, there may be several idle and intermediate discharge ports that are covered and uncovered by the throttle butterfly. These provide fuel delivery for the engine s needs based on changing RPM. At idle air will actually enter the port on the choke side, or atmospheric side, of the butterfly and mixes with fuel in the idle mixing chamber, and comes out as an emulsion on the intake, or engine side of the butterfly. As the throttle butterfly opens, only fuel will come through. As air velocity continues to increase, the main nozzle will begin to add fuel to the air stream. The Bernoulli Effect starts at idle between the butterfly and the sidewall of the carburetor and moves back, sweeping across the discharge ports towards the main nozzle and the venturi, as the butterfly opens and RPM increases.

15 Fuel Metering Control Fixed Metering Jet Mixture Adjustment Screws Limiter Caps over Screws The amount of fuel available to the main discharge nozzle and the idle and intermediate ports is controlled by jets, and may include adjustment needles for high and low speed tuning, or the carburetor may use fixed jets and have no adjustment. The carburetor on the left above has an adjustment screw for the low side only; the middle carburetor has both high and low adjustment screws. Often, adjustment screws may have limiter caps, like the carburetor on the right. This is to prevent the end user from being able to adjust the mixture too rich beyond a preset range. The carburetor may still be leaned out, which may be necessary for high altitude operation. A jet has a precise hole drilled in it, and the jet may have a number stamped on it indicating the size. Jet and port size have been carefully engineered to provide optimum engine performance. For the most part, carburetors are designed to run leaner than in the past. (We do not set carburetors to four-stroke anymore.) This means that the least amount of restriction to any of these jets or ports will usually cause the engine to run even leaner. The restriction may be caused by gummy stale fuel, dirt, or debris. A plugged or restricted fuel pick-up or a tank vent not working properly may also restrict fuel flow to the carburetor, creating a lean situation that could cause engine damage.

16 Summary Bernoulli Effect states that as the velocity of a fluid, or air, increases, the pressure decreases Carburetors use a venturi to create the low pressure zone for fuel and air to mix Fuel is atomized in the venturi and further vaporized by the heat of the engine components, which aids in cooling STIHL engines use compact, diaphragm type carburetors that combine the fuel pump, metering system, and fuel delivery, through a jet and port system, for precise control of fuel for engine needs All carburetors operate on these principles. Careful study of the passages and ports will reveal the flow of fuel through the carburetor. The Carburetor Service Manual ( ) will also provide information on carburetor service. Thank you for taking the time to review the section of the Bronze Level Power Training Module. Bronze Level Training Lesson 09 icademy Quiz i.q.

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