Build a DC motor. Prof. Anderson Electrical and Computer Engineering
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1 Build a DC motor Prof. Anderson Electrical and Computer Engineering 1
2 Here is what you will build 2
3 We will use electromagnetism We will create a force field: We will use electric current to produce a magnet (electromagnet) We will use the interaction of that magnet with a permanent magnet to rotate the coil How is that supposed to work? 3
4 First, think about magnets Like poles repel» South repels south Opposite poles attract The magnets produce a force 4
5 We say the magnet has a field The field is invisible But it is real It can act on objects Repel or attract them hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/.../ elemag.html 5
6 Example: compass needle Opposite poles attract North end of compass needle attracted to south pole of magnet Why can t we feel the magnetic field? We re not magnetic! hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/.../ elemag.html 6
7 First piece of information When current (I) flows though a wire, it creates a magnetic field (B) Use right hand rule to find direction 7
8 Is this drawn correctly? feelingwaves.blogspot.com/ 8
9 If the current changes Suppose the current reverses direction What will happen to the field?» It will reverse Can we use this to push a magnet around?» Yes, but it s pretty weak 9
10 Suppose we make a loop All the field lines inside the loop go the same direction» Is the figure drawn correctly? The field gets concentrated N S physicsed.buffalostate.edu/.../ rhr/rhr.htm 10
11 Add a permanent magnet outside Is there a force? Which direction? 11
12 Now suppose loop is tilted What will happen to the loop? N attracts S N repels N Loop will rotate 12
13 What if you reverse the current? Poles of electromagnet reversed N attracts S N repels N Rotates the other way 13
14 But wait Once loop rotates halfway around, poles will be pointing the other way, and it will want to come back Will flap back and forth or stick in one position 14
15 Trick: Insulate one side of the wire When loop is turned one way, current flows, magnet points in one direction When loop is turned the other way, no current flows, no electromagnet Will it just stop? 15
16 Ok! We can rotate the loop! But the field is still weak. Need a way to amplify the field. 16
17 OK, we have all the pieces! Battery produces current You make a coil Suspend between paper clips Put a magnet underneath 17
18 Contents of Your Bag 1 bar style magnet 2 jumbo paper clips 1 AA-size battery A two foot length of magnet wire 1 sheet of sand paper 1 rubber band PLEASE LET US KNOW IF YOU ARE MISSING ANY SUPPLIES 18
19 Building the Coil Leave about 4 inches of wire unwrapped at the beginning and end of your coil, these are your leads Wrap the wire around the battery Carefully remove the coil from the battery Wrap each lead through the coil at least twice Keep wrapping the leads until they stick out at opposite sides of the coil 19
20 Wrong vs Right! Leads not straight Bottom Heavy Leads not straight out Just right! 20
21 Make the commutator Sand the bottom half of each lead Hint: Place the sand paper on the table and drag the wire across it, making sure to get as much insulation off as possible 21
22 This is important YES NO! NO! NO! 22
23 Bend the paper clips Before After 23
24 Assemble base Stick magnet to side of battery Rubber-band the paperclips to the battery terminals 24
25 Add the coil Hang the coil in the loops made by the paper clips It will complete the circuit when the sanded side of the commutator is down Hint:» Make sure all components are level and that the wires coming out of the coil are as straight as possible. 25
26 Making Your Motor Run If all steps were done correctly and carefully, your motor should run just by manually turning the coil and then letting go. If your motor does not run correctly, there are several things that could be wrong:» Coil is bottom-heavy (check that it spins easily when you spin it with your fingers)» Not enough insulation was sanded from the bottom half of the coil lead wires, try to get as close to the coil as possible when sanding» A lead is either bent or out of alignment. Check these components. 26
27 How does a generator work? A motor converts electrical current into mechanical motion» The current produces a magnetic field that pushes off the permanent magnet to turn A generator converts mechanical motion into current» The turning magnet induces a current in the wire 27
28 Build a DC motor Prof. Anderson Alphabrima Barrie, Hassan Hayat, Matt Madjar, Mitesh Patel, and Nate Pelton Electrical and Computer Engineering 28
29 Contents of Your Bag A two square inch piece of foam to serve as the base of your motor 1 bar style magnet (ceramic, 2 x ¾ ) 4 jumbo paper clips, only two of which will be used A two inch section of plastic drinking straw Two sections of insulated wire, with both ends stripped 1 D-size battery A two foot length of magnet wire (AWG 24) 1 sheet of sand paper 2 rubber bands 1 Section of wooden dowel PLEASE LET US KNOW IF YOU ARE MISSING ANY SUPPLIES 29
30 Step 1: Building the Coil Leave two inches of spare wire Wrap the wire around the dowel 8 times» Make sure to finish wrapping where you started Wrap the long section of magnet wire around one half of the coil» So that you have a two inch section of spare wire on each half of the coil» Wrap the two inch section of wire around the coil twice to ensure that the coil will be stable 30
31 Make the commutator Sand the bottom half of each of the two inch sections of spare wire Hint: Place the sand paper on the table and drag the wire across it, making sure to get as much insulation off as possible 31
32 Step 2: Building the Base Unfold the open ends of the two paper clips Stick them into the flat face of the foam block, as close to the edges as possible 32
33 Step 2 Continued Wrap one end of the insulated wire around the paper clip, as close to the foam block base as possible. Repeat for other side 33
34 Step 3: Connect Battery Place the two rubber bands around the battery, so that an X is made by the two rubber bands on each end of the battery Connect the ends of the wire on the base to each end of the battery» Polarity does not matter in this experiment 34
35 Step 4; adding the magnet Just lay the magnet on the foam between the paper clips 35
36 Step 5: Add the coil Hang the coil from step one in the bottom of the open end of the paper clips It will complete the circuit when the sanded side of the commutator is down Hints:» Make sure all components are level and that the wires coming out of the coil are as straight as possible.» When unfolding the paperclips, try to make their unfolded length the same» Use the section of plastic drinking straw to support the paper clips if needed 36
37 Making Your Motor Run If all steps were done correctly and carefully, your motor should run just by manually turning the coil and then letting go. If your motor does not run correctly, there are several things that could be wrong:» Not enough insulation was sanded from the bottom half of the coil lead wires, try to get as close to the coil as possible when sanding» A wire or coil lead wire is either bent or out of alignment. Check these components.» Sometimes it takes a bit of intuition to bend a paperclip or coil wire in the right direction to balance all the necessary components. 37
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